TAXONOMY BIOGEOGRAPHY AGE & GROWTH REPRODUCTION MORTALITY DEMOGRAPHY HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS GENETICS BEHAVIOR PATHOLOGY
CLASS             Life Stage        
Chondrichthyes   Seasonal Cycle    
SUBCLASS   Growth Parameters   Fertilization and Pupping Period (^^^^^ = peak fertilization; ***** = peak pupping; ##### = doubtful pupping records) Juveniles Adolescents Adults Genetic Variance
Elasmobranchii Total Length (cm) to Weight (kg) Equation (Location) Length Conversion Equations (Location) Max. Reported Length (cm) Geographic Area (max. length) Length at Birth (cm) Geographic Area (length at birth) Linf in cm k t0 r2 Growth Model Ageing Method(s) Validation Verification Geographic Area (Age & Growth Study) Source (Age & Growth Study) Longevity Method of Longevity Estimation Breeding Behavior Mode of Reproduction Sexual Dimorphism Length (cm) & Age at 1st Maturity 50% Maturity Geographic Area   Courtship   Fertilization   Egg Deposition   Partuition Mortality Estimates   Food Habits   Food Habits   Food Habits   Substocks Haplotype Diversity (Geographic Area) Nucleotide Diversity (#) Mean Number of Alleles per Locus (SE) % Polymorphic Loci Mean Heterozygosity Approach Effective Population Size Source (Genetic Variance) Behavioral Interactions Migration & Movement
Superorder Order Family Genus Species Author Synonymy Common Name(s) Eastern North Pacific Global Observed Depth Range (m) Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Male Female Courtship Nursery Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Source (Location) (Seasonal Cycle) Reproductive Cycle Fecundity Range and/or Mean Ovarian Eggs Uterine Eggs Embryos Sex Ratio at Birth (M:F) Uterine Egg or embryo Number at Female TL (cm) or Age Size Specific Fecundity Equations (length or weight range) Gestation Time Natural (M) Fishing (F) Total (Z) Method of Mortality Estimation Age Range used     to Calculate Mortality     Source (Mortality Estimates) r er (lambda) R0 G(T) cx/wx Method Geographic Region Source (Demography Study) Habitat Diet Foraging Strategy Periodicity Predators Habitat Diet Foraging Strategy Periodicity Predators Habitat Diet Foraging Strategy Periodicity Predators Trophic Level Expected (SE) Observed (SE) Interspecific Intraspecific Tagging/Tracking Studies Movement Patterns Homing Ability (Home Range) Parasites Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Scyliorhinidae
 Apristurus
 brunneus
 (Gilbert, 1892)
 Catulus brunneus (Gilbert, 1892)
 brown catshark
 eastern Gulf of Alaska off Icy Point to northern Baja California (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)       
 NA 33 to 1000 m (Ebert, 2003)
 males: WT = 3.577 x 10-6 TL2.971 (southern California) (Cross, 1988)
females: WT = 2.379 x 10-6 TL3.059 (southern California) (Cross, 1988)
 NF 69 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NG 7 to 9 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparity
 NF 45 to 50 cm TL (Cross, 1988)
 42.5 to 47.5 cm TL (Cross, 1988)
 NF NF NF midwater, within 200 to 300 m of the bottom (Cross, 1988)

























Jones and Geen, 1977 (British Columbia, Canada)

Cross, 1988 (southern California)		 continuous (Cross, 1988)
 29 (Cross, 1988)
 NF 2 (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF midwater between 200 and 300 m off the bottom, but generally not in waters           over 1000 m deep (Ebert, 2003) NF NF NF NF midwater between 200 and 300 m off the bottom, but generally not in waters over 1000 m deep (Ebert, 2003)

crustaceans (Pasiphaeidae, Euphausiacea, Galatheidae, Sergestidae), cephalopods (Teuthoidea), teleosts (Myctophidae) (Cross, 1988)

NF NF NF outer continental shelf and upper slopes, demersal over rocky reefs or soft mud bottoms (Ebert, 2003) crustaceans (Pasiphaeidae, Euphausiacea, Galatheidae, Sergestidae), cephalopods (Teuthoidea), teleosts (Myctophidae) (Cross, 1988)
 NF NF elasmobranchs, sperm whales (Ebert, 2003)
 3.7 (Cortes, 1999)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Nematoda (1 family, 1 sp.), Protozoa (Love and Moser, 1983)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Scyliorhinidae
 Apristurus
 kampae
 Taylor, 1972
 NA longnose catshark
white-finned catshark (B.E.Flammang, pers.comm.)
 Cape Blanco, Oregon to Gulf of California (Ebert, 2003)
 NA 180 to 1888 m (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF 57 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 central California
14 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparity
 NF 50 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 48 to 52 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 2 (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF upper continental shelf (Ebert, 2003)
 crustaceans [Decapoda (deepwater shrimps)], cephalopods, small mesopelagic teleosts (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Scyliorhinidae
 Cephaloscyllium
 ventriosum
 (Garman, 1880)
 Scyllium ventriosum (Garman, 1880)
Catulus uter (Jordan and Gilbert, 1896)
Scyliorhinis ventriosus (Regan, 1908)
Cephaloscyllium ventriosum (Garman, 1913)
Cephaloscyllium uter (Roedel and Ripley, 1950)
 swell shark
 Monterey, California to Chile, including Gulf of California and Guadalupe Island (Miller and Lea, 1972)

NA 5 to 457 m (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF 110 cm TL (Castro, 1983)
 NG 13 to 15 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparity
 NF 73 cm TL (Grover, 1972b)
 70 cm TL (Grover, 1972b)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 2 (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF gastropods, teleosts (Semicossyphus pulcher) (Grover, 1972a)
 NF NF NF NF NF rocky areas, in/near kelp beds usually on bottom (Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Castro, 1983)
 teleosts [Pomacentridae (Chromis punctipinnis)], crustaceans (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 possibly feed at night on inactive resting fish that are sheltering in crevices and kelp (Nelson and Johnson, 1970)
utilize bioelectroreception (Tricas, 1981)
 nocturnal (Nelson and Johnson, 1970)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF resident (Nelson and Johnson, 1970)
 NF Monogenea (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Cephalurus
 cephalus
 (Gilbert, 1892)
 Catulus cephalus (Gilbert, 1892)
Scyliorhinus cephalus (Regan, 1908)
Cephalurus cephalus (Bigelow and Schroeder, 1941)
 lollipop cat shark
head shark, lollipop shark (Balart et al., 2000)
 southern Baja California and Gulf of California, Mexico (Compagno, 1984)
 NA 155 to 927 m (Compagno, 1984)
112 m (Castro-Aguirre, 1981)
 both: WT = 0.000012 * TL2.84 (Balart et al., 2000)
both: WT = 0.0014 * TL1.9438 (Castro-Aguirre, 1981)
 NF males: 29.8 cm TL (Balart et al., 2000) females: 29.5 cm TL (Castro-Aguirre, 1981; Balart et al., 2000) off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico (Balart et al., 2000) off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico (Castro-Aguirre, 1981; Balart et al., 2000) 10 cm TL (Compagno, 1984)
 NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF ovoviviparity
 structural and size (males four times larger) differences in dentition (Castro-Aguirre, 1981) 19 cm TL (Compagno, 1984)
 19 cm TL (Compagno, 1984)
 NF NF NF NF                     Balart et al., 2000 (west coast of Baja California, Sur, Mexico)

NF 2 (Compagno, 1984)
 NF 2 (Compagno, 1984)
 1:1 (Balart et al., 2000)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF sedentary on mud bottoms of the continental slope and, to a lesser extent, on the continental shelf; upper range limited by temperature (Castro-Aguirre, 1981)
demersally on upper continental slope and outermost shelf; likely adapted to live at low dissolved oxygen levels (Compagno, 1984)
collected in waters of 10 degrees C (Balart et al., 2000)
 crustaceans (Pleuroncodes planipes), teleosts (Engraulidae), polychaetes (Castro-Aguirre, 1981)
     NF sedentary on mud bottoms of the continental slope and, to a lesser extent, on the continental shelf; upper range limited by temperature (Castro-Aguirre, 1981)
demersally on upper continental slope and outermost shelf; likely adapted to live at low dissolved oxygen levels (Compagno, 1984)
collected in waters of 10 degrees C (Balart et al., 2000)
 crustaceans (Pleuroncodes planipes), teleosts (Engraulidae), polychaetes (Castro-Aguirre, 1981)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Nemotoda (1 family, 1 species) (Castro-Aguirre, 1981)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Scyliorhinidae
 Parmaturus
 xaniurus
 (Gilbert, 1892)
 Catulus xaniurus (Gilbert, 1892)
Pristiurus xaniurus (Gilbert, 1892)
 filetail catshark
 Cape Foulweather, Oregon to the Gulf of California (Ebert, 2003)
 NA 91 to 1251 m (Ebert, 2003)
 males: WT = 3.163 x 10-7 TL3.427 (Southern California) (Cross, 1988)
females: WT = 9.377 x 10-7 TL3.242 (Southern California) (Cross, 1988)
 NF 61 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG 7 to 9 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparity
 NF 37.5 to 47.5 cm TL (Cross, 1988)
 42.5 to 47.5 cm TL (Cross, 1988)
 NF NF NF midwater, within 200 to 300 m of the bottom (Cross, 1988)
 Cross, 1988 (southern California)
 continuous (Cross, 1988)
 23 (Cross, 1988)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF outer continental shelf and upper slope; midwater; up to 490 m above the bottom in water over 1000 m deep (Ebert, 2003) crustaceans (Pasiphaeidae, Sergestidae, Euphausiidae), cephalopods (Cailliet, 1981)
NF NF NF NF crustaceans (Galatheidae, Pasiphaeidae, Sergestidae), cephalopods (Teuthoidea), teleosts (Myctophidae) (Cross, 1988)

NF NF NF outer continental shelf and upper slope; demersal, usually near bottom at a depth of 91 to 1,251 m; found over rocky and other hard sediment reefs or on muddy, soft bottoms (Ebert, 2003) crustaceans (Galatheidae, Pasiphaeidae, Sergestidae), cephalopods (Teuthoidea), teleosts (Myctophidae) (Cross, 1988)
 forage on slow-swimming teleosts in oxygen minimum zone (Ebeling et al., 1970)
 NF NF 3.6 (Cortes,1999)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Triakidae
 Galeorhinus
 galeus
 (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Galeorhinus zyopterus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1822a)
 soupfin shark
 British Columbia to the Pacific coast of central Baja California (Ebert, 2003)
 South Pacific, eastern North Atlantic, South Atlantic and southwestern Indian Oceans (Ebert, 2003)

nearshore to 471 m (Ebert, 2003)
 males: log WT = - 5.57297 + 3.26954 (log TL) (California) (Ripley, 1946)
females: log WT = - 7.48993 + 4.15605 TL (California) (Ripley, 1946)
 NF males: 175 cm TL (Ripley, 1946)
females: 195 cm TL (Ripley, 1946)
 California
California
 35 cm TL (Ripley, 1946)
 California
NG NG 182.9
 NG NG 0.124
 NG NG -1.29
 NG NG NG von Bertalanffy growth function  
 vertebral centra: whole vertebrae, alizarin red staining
 NG "double blind" test with two readers
 South Australia
 Moulton et al., 1992
40 yrs. (Smith et al., 1998)
 NG aplacental viviparity
NF 135 cm TL (Ripley, 1946)
NG
 150 cm TL (Ripley, 1946)
12 yrs. (Smith et al., 1998)
87% were mature at 155 cm (Ripley, 1946)
 65% were mature at 160 cm (Ripley, 1946)
 NG Tomales Bay, San Francisco Bay, but mainly south of Point Conception, and Ventura Flats east of Santa Barbara, California (Ripley, 1946)               Ripley, 1946 (Santa Catalina Island, California)
 annual (Ripley, 1946)
 NF 16 to 54 (Ripley, 1946) 
 6 to 52 (Ripley, 1946)
 NF 28 embryos (170 cm TL) (Ripley, 1946)
35 embryos (175 cm TL) (Ripley, 1946)
33 embryos (180 cm TL) (Ripley, 1946)
 NF 12 months (Ripley, 1946)
 0.113
 NG NG Hoenig's equation
 40 yrs.
 Smith et al., 1998
 NG 1.077 ( 95% C.I. 1.037 to 1.128)
 NG 17.7 (95% C.I. 13.3 to 21)
 NG age-structured life history tables, Leslie matrices, and Monte Carlo simulation
 southwestern Pacific
 Cortes, 2002
 NF polychaetes, crustaceans [Amphipoda, Decapoda (shrimp)], teleosts (Cottidae) (Olsen, 1954)      
 NF NF elasmobranchs (Carcharadon carcharias, Notorynchus cepedianus), marine mammals (Ebert, 2003)

NF crustaceans (larger ones than consumed by juveniles), cephalopods, teleosts (Olsen, 1954)
 NF NF elasmobranchs (Carcharadon carcharias, Notorynchus cepedianus), marine mammals (Ebert, 2003)

coastal, from close inshore including shallow bays to deeper offshore waters (Ebert, 2003)
 teleosts [Clupeidae (Sardinops sagax), Pleuronectiformes, Batrachoididae (Porichthys notatus), Scorpaenidae, Scombridae, Embiotocidae], cephalopods (Teuthoidea) (Ripley, 1946)

NG NG elasmobranchs (Carcharadon carcharias, Notorynchus cepedianus), marine mammals (Ebert, 2003)

4.2 (Cortes,1999)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF segregate by sex and size; off Santa Barbara California females are predominately caught in waters less than 30 fathoms deep, and males are caught in waters deeper than 40 fathoms; the proportion of large mature males is highest in northern California and decreases as progress south, while females show the opposite trend, large mature females are most abundant in southern California and as progress north there is a greater proportion of smaller immature females, in central California the sex ratio is about even; young and immature sharks are caught off Ventura Flats, San Francisco Bay, Monterey, and Tomales Bay (Ripley, 1946)
congregate in schools of one sex, and more apparent in the offshore phase of life (Olsen, 1954)		 one shark tagged off Venture was captured 26 months later off Vancouver Island, British Columbia, while another shark tagged in  San Francisco Bay was recaptured 12 months later in the same location (Ebert, 2003) highly migratory, moving north during the summer and south or deeper during the winter; move up to 34 miles/day (Ebert, 2003) NF Cestoda (1 familey, 2 spp.), Copepoda (3 families, 4 spp.), Hirudinoidea (1 family, 1 sp.), Monogenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Protozoa (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983) NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Triakidae
 Mustelus
 henlei
 (Gill, 1863)
 Rhinotriacis henlei (Gill, 1863)
 brown smoothhound
Henle's shark (Starks, 1917)
mud shark, dogfish, sand shark, Henle's shark (Walford, 1935)

Coos Bay, Oregon to Gulf of California (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 Ecuador and Peru (Compagno, 1984)
 intertidal to 200 m (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF 100 cm TL (Yudin and Cailliet, 1990)
 Humboldt Bay, California 
 19 to 23 cm TL (De Wit, 1975)
20 to 30 cm TL (Yudin and Cailliet, 1990)
 central California
central California
 86.1 (95% C.I. 19.5)
 97.6 (95% C.I. 68)
 97.7 (95% C.I. 64)
 0.285 (95% C.I. 0.196)
 0.225 (95% C.I. 0.059)
 0.224 (95% C.I. 0.05)
 -1.086 (95% C.I. 0.925)
 -1.375 (95% C.I. 0.688)
 -1.296 (95% C.I. 0.49)
 NG NG NG von Bertalanffy growth function
 vertebral centra: sectioned, x-radiography
 edge analysis
 between reader comparison
Santa Barbara to Humboldt Bay
 Yudin and Cailliet, 1990
 13 yrs. (Yudin and Cailliet, 1990)
 vertebral sectioning: annuli count
 placental viviparity
 females larger than males (Yudin, 1987)
 52 to 660 cm TL; 3 yrs. (Yudin and Cailliet, 1990)
NG
NG
51 to 63 cm TL; 2 to 3 yrs. (Yudin and Cailliet, 1990)
76 cm TL (de Wit, 1975)
67 cm TL (Talent, 1985)
 NF NF NF Tomales Bay, California (Bane and Bane, 1971)
San Francisco Bay, California (De Wit, 1975)
San Francisco Bay and Humboldt Bay, California (Yudin, 1987)



















































Bane and Bane, 1971 (San Francisco, California)

De Wit, 1975 (San Francisco Bay, California)


Yudin, 1987 (between Santa Cruz and San Francisco, California)		 NF NF NF 1 to 8 (Talent, 1985)
1 to 10 (Yudin, 1987)
 NF 6 embryos (64.6 cm TL) (Yudin, 1987)
10 embryos (86 cm TL) (Yudin, 1987)
 NF ca. 1 year (Yudin, 1987)
 0.295
 NF NF Hoenig's equation
 15 yrs.
 Smith et al., 1998 0.478
 1.163 (95% C.I. 1.021-1.427)
NG 4.7 yrs. (95% C.I. 3.0-6.4 )
 NG age-structured life history tables, Leslie matrices, and Monte Carlo simulation
 northeast Pacific
 Cortes, 2002 NF crustaceans [Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis), Cancridae (Cancer spp.)] (Talent, 1982)
 bottom feeder, may disturb mud to capture food (Russo, 1975)
pursue and capture prey over mudflats (Talent, 1982)
 NF elasmobranchs (Notorynchus cepedianus) (Ebert, 2002)
 NF crustaceans [Crangonidae (Crangon spp.), Cancridae (Cancer spp.), Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis), Albuneidae (Blepharipoda occidentalis), Isopoda, Callianassidae, Stomatopoda), cephalopods [Loliginidae (Loligo opalescens)], echiuran worms [Urechidae (Urechis caupo)], teleosts [Engraulidae (Engraulis mordax), Gobiidae (Gillichthys mirabilis), Cottidae (Leptocottus armatus), Bothidae, Embiotocidae), polychaetes, tunicates, bivalves, teleost eggs (Herald and Ripley, 1951; de Wit, 1975; Talent, 1982; Russo, 1975; Haeseker and Czech, 1993; Ebert, 2003) may disturb mud to capture food (Russo, 1975)
pursue and capture prey over mudflats (Talent, 1982)
 NF elasmobranchs (Notorhynchus cepedianus) (Ebert, 1989)   
 common in enclosed, shallow, muddy bays (Compagno, 1984)
 crustaceans [Crangonidae (Crangon spp.), Cancridae (Cancer spp.), Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis), Albuneidae (Blepharipoda occidentalis), Isopoda, Callianassidae, Stomatopoda], cephalopods [Loliginidae (Loligo opalescens)], echiuran worms [Urechidae (Urechis caupo)], teleosts [Engraulidae (Engraulis mordax), Gobiidae (Gillichthys mirabilis), Cottidae (Leptocottus armatus), Bothidae, Embiotocidae], polychaetes, tunicates, bivalves, teleost eggs (Herald and Ripley, 1951; de Wit, 1975; Talent, 1982; Russo, 1975; Haeseker and Czech, 1993; Ebert, 2003) bottom feeder, may disturb mud to capture food (Russo, 1975)
pursue and capture prey over mudflats (Talent, 1982)
very agile, quick swimmers; often stim directly at and then past a crab, swiftly turning 180 degrees, grasp the crab from behind, and quickly crush and ingest it; they may also swim at the crab head-on, grabbing a claw and vigorously shaking it side-to-side to break it off, once disabled the carapace is crushed, usually from the side or behind, with the entire crab being ingested; when foraging swim close to the bottom and in schools (Ebert, 2003) 		NF elasmobranchs (Notorhynchus cepedianus) (Ebert, 1989)
 3.6 (Cortes,1999)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF schools with Triakis semifasciata (Smith, 2001)
forms schools which are often sexually segregated (Love, 1996)
capable of moving up to 160 km in 3 months (Compagno, 1984)
 inhabits inshore estuarine waters during spring and moves offshore during winter months (Compagno, 1984)
moves offshore in November, back inshore in spring (Yudin, 1987)
move into estuaries in spring/summer before pupping then leave in fall/winter (Fleming, 1999)
 NF Cestoda (3 families, 8 spp.), Copepoda (1 family, 2 spp.), Hirudinoidea (1 family, 1 sp.), Monogenea (1 family, 2 spp.), Nematoda (2 families, 3 spp.), Protozoa (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983; Beveridge & Sakanari, 1987; Nasin et al., 1997) NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Triakidae
 Mustelus
 californicus
 Gill, 1864
 NA gray smoothhound
smoothhound (Starks, 1917)
mud shark, dogfish, sand shark, gray shark (Walford, 1935)

Cape Mendocino, California to Mazatlan, Mexico (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
NA inshore to 67 m (Sandell, 1973)
 males: log WT = 5.20 - 10 + 2.88 log TL (TL = mm) (Anaheim Bay, California) (Sandell, 1973)
females: log WT = 4.02 - 10 + 3.19 log TL (TL = mm) (Anaheim Bay, California) (Sandell, 1973)
 NF 160 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NG 20 to 30 cm TL (Yudin and Cailliet, 1990)
 central California
 101.8 (95% C.I. 18.5)
 142.4 (95% C.I. 16.5)
 154.4 (95% C.I. 25.4)
 0.35 (95% C.I. 0.177)
 0.218 (95% C.I. 0.063)
 0.168 (95% C.I. 0.058)
 -1.002 (95% C.I. 0.42)
 -1.032 (95% C.I. 0.296)
 -1.271 (95% C.I. 0.339)
 NG NG NG von Bertalanffy growth function
 vertebral centra: sectioned, x-radiography
 edge analysis
 between reader comparison
central California
Yudin and Cailliet, 1990
 9 yrs. (Yudin and Cailliet, 1990)
 vertebral sectioning: annuli count
 placental viviparity
 females larger than males (Yudin, 1987)
 57 to 65 cm TL; 1 to 2 yrs. (Yudin and Cailliet, 1990)
NG
 70 cm TL; 2 to 3 yrs. (Yudin and Cailliet, 1990)
87.5 cm TL (Talent, 1985)
 NF NF Anaheim Bay, California (Sandell, 1973)
 Anaheim Bay, California (Sandell, 1973)
















            Yudin, 1987 (Elkhorn Slough, California)


Sandell, 1973 (Anaheim Bay, California)
 NF NF NF 3 to 16 (Talent, 1985)
3 to 15 (Yudin, 1987)
 NF 10 embryos (117 cm TL) (Talent, 1973)
3 embryos (74.2 cm TL) (Yudin, 1987)
7 embryos (107.6 cm TL) (Yudin, 1987)
15 embryos (110.5 cm TL) (Yudin, 1987)
 NF 10 month gestation (Sandell, 1973)
ca. 1 year (Yudin, 1987)
 0.368
 NF NF Hoenig's equation
 12 yrs.
 Smith et al., 1998 0.124
 1.132 (95% C.I. 0.996-1.364 )
 NG 4.6 yrs. (95% C.I. 2.9-6.1)
NG age-structured life history tables, Leslie matrices, and Monte Carlo simulation
 northeast Pacific
 Cortes, 2002 NF crustaceans [Decapoda (Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Cancer spp.)], bivalves, teleosts, polychaetes, echiuran worms (Sandell, 1973; Talent, 1982)

may disturb mud or suck organisms to capture food; Pursue and capture over mudflats (Talent, 1982) no diel pattern (Sandell, 1973)
continuous, or intermittent feeding (San Filippo, 1995)
 NF NF crustaceans [Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis), Cancridae (Cancer spp.), Hippidae (Emerita analoga), Callianassidae), echiuran worms [Urechidae (Urechis caupo)], cephalopods [Loliginidae (Loligo opalescens)], small teleosts, bivalves (Sandell, 1973; Talent, 1982; San Filippo, 1995) may disturb mud or suck organisms to capture food, purse and capture over mudflats (Talent, 1982) NF NF bottom dwelling in shallow muddy bays (Compagno, 1984)
 crustaceans [ Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis), Cancridae (Cancer spp.), Hippidae (Emerita analoga), Callianassidae), echiuran worms [Urechidae (Urechis caupo)], cephalopods [Loliginidae (Loligo opalescens)], small teleosts, bivalves (Sandell, 1973; Talent, 1982; San Filippo, 1995) may disturb mud or suck organisms to capture food; pursuit and capture over mudflats (Talent, 1982)
 NF NF 3.5 (Cortes,1999)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF schools with Triakis semifasciata (Limbaugh, 1955)
 NF NF high biomass in estuary in February, less abundant in May and November, absent in August (Horn, 1980)
reported to migrate from southern to central California in the summer (Compagno, 1984)
 NF Cestoda (3 families, 4 spp.), Copepoda (2 families, 2 spp.), Digenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Nematoda (1 family, 1 sp.), Protozoa (1 family, 1 sp.), Monogenea (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983; Bullard and Overstreet, 2000) NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Triakidae
 Mustelus
 lunulatus
 Jordan and Gilbert, 1883b
 NA sicklefin smoothhound
dog shark, smoothhound (Gates and Frey, 1974)
 San Diego, California to Peru (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NA NF NF NF males: 110 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
females: 170 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NG 32 to 35 cm TL (Compagno, 1984)
 NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF viviparity
 NF NF NF 70 to 83 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 97 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF shallow (Miller and Lea, 1972)
inshore (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 teleosts [Scorpaenidae (Scorpaena sp.), Congridae (Taeniconger canabis), Batrachoididae (Portichthys notatus)], crustaceans (Calappidae (Mursia glaudicaudii), Albuneidae (Blepharipoda occidentalis)] (Galvan-Magana et al., 1989) NF NF NF 3.9 (Cortes,1999)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF common around islands off Baja California Sur from September to May, absent June to August (Galvan-Magana et. al., 1989)

NF Copepoda (1 family, 1 sp.), Digenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Cestoda (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983; Nasin et al., 1997) NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Triakidae
 Triakis
 semifasciata
 Girard, 1855
 Triakis californica (Gray, 1851)
Mustelus felis (Ayres, 1854a)
Triakis semifasciatum (Girard, 1855)
 leopard shark
catshark (Walford, 1935)
 Oregon to Mazatlan, Mexico (Miller and Lea, 1972)
 NA intertidal to 91 m (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
males: Log10 WT(lbs) = 1.9806 Log10 TL - 5.01 (Elkhorn Slough, CA) (Ackerman, 1971)
females: Log10 WT(lbs) = 3.1044 Log10 TL - 5.24 (Elkhorn Slough, CA) (Ackerman, 1971)
 NF 198.1 cm TL (Miller and Lea, 1972)
possibly up to 213 cm TL (Feder et al., 1974)
 NG ca. 17 to 20 cm TL (Ackerman, 1971)
20 to 25 cm TL (Smith, 2001)
 Elkhorn Slough, California
NG
 149.9
 160.2
 153.6 (S.E. 10.25)
 0.089
 0.073
 0.082 (S.E. 0.014)
 -2.03
 -2.74
 -2.31
 NG NG NG von Bertalanffy growth function
 vertebral centra: thin sectioning, silver nitrate stain
tetracycline mark-recapture, edge analysis
 between reader comparison
central California
 Kusher et al., 1992
 females: ca. 13 to 16 yrs. (Ackerman, 1971)
both: 24 yrs., but likely up to 30 yrs. (Kusher et al., 1992)
females: 26 yrs. (Smith, 2001)
 length frequency
vertebral sectioning: annuli count
vertebral sectioning: annuli count
 aplacental viviparity
females larger than males (Ebert, 2003)
 probably >120 cm TL (Ackerman, 1971)
100 cm TL ; 7 yrs. (Kusher et al., 1992)
70 to 120 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
NG
120 cm TL (Ackerman, 1971)
105 cm TL; 10 yrs. (Kusher et al., 1992)
110 to 130 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
104 cm TL (Talent, 1985)
 NF NF NF San Francisco Bay, Tomales Bay, and Bodega Bay, California (Bane and Bane, 1971)
Elkhorn Slough, California (Ackerman, 1971; Talent, 1985)
Catalina Harbor, California (Smith, 2001)
San Diego, California (Eigenmann, 1891)
   













      Ackerman, 1971 (Elkhorn Slough, California)



Talent, 1985 (Elkhorn Slough, California)



Eigenmann, 1891 (San Diego Bay, California)
 annual (Kusher et al., 1992)
 NF NF 7 to 36 (Ackerman, 1971)
6 to 24 (Talent, 1985)
12 (Smith et al., 1998)
 1:1 (Ackerman, 1971)
 ca.15 embryos (123 to 125.9 cm TL) (Ackerman, 1971)
ca. 16 embryos(126 to 128.9 cm TL) (Ackerman, 1971)
ca. 19 embryos(129 to 134.9 cm TL) (Ackerman, 1971)
ca. 22 embryos(135 to 143 cm TL) (Ackerman, 1971)
ca. 30 embryos(144 to 146.9 cm TL) (Ackerman, 1971)
ca. 32 embryos(147 to 149.9 cm TL) (Ackerman, 1971)
6 embryos (121 cm TL) (de Wit, 1975)
 Pt = 22.64 - (7592)(0.4208)w(t) (Pt = # embryos; w(t) = maternal weight at age t) (Smith and Abramson, 1990)          ca. 12 month gestation (Talent, 1985)
 0.28 (first yr.), 0.14 (after first yr.)
0.15
 0.038 to 0.163 (avg. 0.084)
NG
 NG

NG
 Hoenig's equation

Hoenig's equation 		NG

30 yrs.		 Smith and Abramson, 1990

Au and Smith, 1997
 0.067

0.071
NG
 1.07

NG
1.016 (95% C.I. 0.984 to 1.052)
 4.467

NG
NG
 22.35 yrs.

NG
18.5 yrs. (95% C.I. 16 to 20.6)
 dominated by first five year classes with young of the year comprising 20% of the population and the next four year classes comprising about another 45%
NG
NG		 life history table

NG
age-structured life history tables, Leslie matrices, and Monte Carlo simulation
 central California

NG
Northeast Pacific
 Cailliet, 1992

Au and Smith, 1997
Cortes, 2002
 bays (Limbaugh, 1963)
shallow, inshore areas such as tidal creeks (Barry and Cailliet, 1983)
sandy or muddy flats, cobble bottoms, rocky reef, and kelp beds (Compagno, 1984)
eel grass (Zostera spp.) beds (Ebert, 2003)
 crustaceans [Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis), Cancridae (Cancer spp.)], echiurid worms [Urechidae (Urechis caupo)], polychaetes [Nereididae (Nereis spp.)], teleosts [Cottidae (Leptocottus armatus), Atherinidae (Atherinops affinis), Engraulidae (Engraulis mordax), Embiotocidae (Cymatogaster aggregata)], teleost eggs (Atherinid eggs) (Ackerman, 1971; Talent, 1976; Barry et al., 1996; Kao, 2000; Ebert, 2003)


may disturb mud to capture food (Russo, 1975; Ebert, 2003)
may use suction to capture prey (Talent, 1976)
 primarily diurnal (Kao, 2000)

 elasmobranchs (Notorynchus cepedianus, Carcharadon carcharias) (Ebert, 1986; Smith, 2001) NF crustaceans [Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Pachygrapsus crassipes), Cancridae (Cancer spp.)], , echiurid worms [Urechidae (Urechis caupo)], bivalves [Mactridae (Tresus nuttalli siphons)], polychaetes [Nereididae (Nereis spp.)], teleosts [Cottidae (Leptocottus armatus), Atherinidae (Atherinops affinis), Engraulidae (Engraulis mordax), Embiotocidae (Cymatogaster aggregata)], teleost eggs (Atherinid eggs) (Ackerman, 1971; Talent, 1976; Barry et al., 1996; Kao, 2000) may disturb mud to capture food (Russo, 1975)
may use suction to capture prey (Talent, 1976)
 primarily diurnal (Kao, 2000)
 elasmobranchs (Notorynchus cepedianus, Carcharadon carcharias) (Ebert, 1986; Smith, 2001) found in sand-bottom kelp holdfast, midkelp, rocky-bottom kelp-bed habitat, and shallow bays and coves, often close over cobble bottom (Limbaugh, 1955)
flat areas of sand or cobble near rocky reefs (Limbaugh, 1963)
sandy or muddy flats, cobble bottoms, rocky reef, and kelp beds (Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Compagno, 1984)
kelp bed and adjacent kelpless cobble area (Larson and DeMartini, 1984)
bays and estuaries (Ebert, 2003)		 echiurian worms [Urechidae (Urechis caupo)], teleosts [Cottidae, Atherinidae, Engraulidae (Engraulis mordax,) Embiotocidae, Sciaenidae, Scorpaenidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Batrachoididae), bivalves [Mactridae (Tresus nuttalli siphons)], crustaceans [Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Pachygrapsus crassipes) Cancridae (Cancer spp.), Crangonidae (Crago sp.), Upogebiidae (Upogebia sp.), Callianassidae (Callianassa sp.)], fish eggs [Clupeidae (Clupea pallasii eggs), Atherinidae (Atherinid eggs)], polychaetes, elasmobranchs [Myliobatidae (Myliobatis californica), Squalidae (Squalus acanthias), Triakidae (Mustelus spp.)] (Ackerman, 1971; Russo, 1975; de Wit, 1975; Talent, 1976; Barry et al., 1996; Kao, 2000; Ebert, 2003) may disturb mud to capture food (Russo, 1975; Ebert, 2003)
may use suction to capture prey (Talent, 1976)
 primarily nocturnal (Kao, 2000)
 elasmobranchs (Notorynchus cepedianus, Carcharadon carcharias) (Ebert, 1986; Smith, 2001) 3.7 (Cortes,1999)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF forms schools with Mustelus henlei and M. californicus (Limbaugh, 1955)
observed hunting anchovies with Squalus acanthias (Compagno, 1984)
forms schools with Mustelus spp., Squalus acanthias, Notorhynchus cepedianus, and Myliobatis californica (Ebert, 2003)		 gregarious, forms large schools (Feder et al., 1974)
segregate by size and sex (Ebert, 2003)
 in San Francisco Bay, California, the population is mainly resident but ca. 10% move out of the bay in fall and winter; exhibit limited long distance movements (Smith and Abramson, 1990)
exhibit an overall movement rate of 8.1+0.5 m/min; move in and out with the tides to feed on mudflats of Tomales Bay, California (Ackerman et al., 2000)
one individual tagged in San Francisco Bay was recaught in Santa Monica Bay 10 yrs. later (Smith, 2001)		 nomadic; remain in an area for several days and disappear; certain coves and bays more likely to be visited than others by visiting schools (Limbaugh, 1963)
sharks <100 cm TL more common in summer and fall, >100 cm TL sharks caught all year but most abundant in winter and spring in Elkhorn Slough, California (Talent, 1985)
juveniles and reproductive adults were most abundant in the spring and summer in Elkhorn Slough, California (Yoklavich et al., 1991)
move out of bays and estuaries in winter; temperature and salinity important factors in determining abundance and distribution in bays in Tomales Bay, California (Hopkins, 1993)		 NF Cestoda (4 families, 10 spp.), Copepoda (4 families, 7 spp.), Hirudinoidea (1 family, 1 sp.), Isopoda (1 family, 1 sp.), Monogenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Nematoda (1 family, 1 sp.), Protozoa (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983; Ruhnke, 1994; Ruhnke, 1996) NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Galeomorphii
 Carcharhiniformes
 Carcharhinidae
 Carcharhinus
albimarginatus
 (Rüppell, 1837)
 NF silver tip shark
 southern Baja California (Compagno, 1984)
 patchy circumglobal distribution (Compagno, 1984)
 surface to 800 m (Compagno, 1984)
 NF NF 300 cm (Compagno, 1984)
 NG 63 to 68 cm (Compagno, 1984)
 NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF placental viviparity
 NF 160 to 180 cm TL (Compagno, 1984)
 160 to 199 cm TL (Compagno, 1984)
 NF NF NF NF                   Compagno, 1984
 NF NF NF NF NF 1 to 11 per litter, often 5 or 6 (