PSRC - Life History Data Matrix - Hexanchiformes - Squaliformes

TAXONOMY

BIOGEOGRAPHY

AGE & GROWTH

REPRODUCTION

MORTALITY

DEMOGRAPHY

HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS

GENETICS

BEHAVIOR

PATHOLOGY

CLASS

Life Stage

Chondrichthyes

Seasonal Cycle

SUBCLASS

Growth Parameters

Fertilization and Pupping Period (^^^^^ = peak fertilization; ***** = peak pupping; ##### = doubtful pupping records)

Juveniles

Adolescents

Adults

Genetic Variance

Elasmobranchii

Total Length (cm) to Weight (kg) Equation (Location)

Length Conversion Equations (Location)

Max. Reported Length (cm)

Geographic Area (max. length)

Length at Birth (cm)

Geographic Area (length at birth)

L_inf in cm

t₀

r²

Growth Model

Ageing Method(s)

Validation

Verification

Geographic Area (Age & Growth Study)

Source (Age & Growth Study)

Longevity

Method of Longevity Estimation

Breeding Behavior Mode of Reproduction

Sexual Dimorphism

Length (cm) & Age at 1st Maturity

50% Maturity

Geographic Area

Courtship

Fertilization

Egg Deposition

Partuition

Mortality Estimates

Food Habits

Substocks

Haplotype Diversity (Geographic Area)

Nucleotide Diversity (#)

Mean Number of Alleles per Locus (SE)

% Polymorphic Loci

Mean Heterozygosity

Approach

Effective Population Size

Source (Genetic Variance)

Behavioral Interactions

Migration & Movement

Superorder

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Author

Synonymy

Common Name(s)

Eastern North Pacific

Global

Observed Depth Range (m)

Male

Female

Both

Male

Female

Both

Male

Female

Both

Male

Female

Both

Male

Female

Male

Female

Courtship

Nursery

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Source (Location) (Seasonal Cycle)

Reproductive Cycle

Fecundity Range and/or Mean Ovarian Eggs

Uterine Eggs

Embryos

Sex Ratio at Birth (M:F)

Uterine Egg or embryo Number at Female TL (cm) or Age

Size Specific Fecundity Equations (length or weight range)

Gestation Time

Natural (M)

Fishing (F)

Total (Z)

Method of Mortality Estimation

Age Range used to Calculate Mortality

Source (Mortality Estimates)

e^r (lambda)

R₀

G(T)

c_x/w_x

Method

Geographic Region

Source (Demography Study)

Habitat

Diet

Foraging Strategy

Periodicity

Predators

Habitat

Diet

Foraging Strategy

Periodicity

Predators

Habitat

Diet

Foraging Strategy

Periodicity

Predators

Trophic Level

Expected (SE)

Observed (SE)

Interspecific

Intraspecific

Tagging/Tracking Studies

Movement Patterns

Homing Ability (Home Range)

Parasites

Diseases

Squalimorphii

Hexanchiformes

Chlamydoselachidae

Chlamydoselachus

anguineus

Garman, 1884

frilled shark

Point Arguello, California (Noble, 1948)

southern and western Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans (Ebert, 2003)

20 to 1500 m (Ebert, 1990; Gudger and Smith, 1933; Bass et al., 1975; Castro, 1983; Ebert, 2003)

196 cm TL (Collett, 1897)

Norway

55 cm TL (Tanaka et al., 1990)
50 to 60 cm TL (Castro, 1983; Ebert, 2003)

Japan
NG

aplacental viviparity

females larger than males (Tanaka et al., 1990)

<110 cm TL (Tanaka et al., 1990)

140 cm TL (Tanaka et al., 1990)

Tanaka et al., 1990 (Suruga Bay, Japan)

1 to 16 (Tanaka et al., 1990)

1 to 2 (Tanaka et al., 1990)

8 to 12 (Compagno, 1984)
2 to 10 (6 avg.) (Tanaka et al., 1990)
2 to 15 (6 avg.) (Ebert, 2003)

1:1 (Tanaka et al., 1990)

3.5 yrs. (Tanaka et al., 1990)

Low oxygen, high nutrient zones with soft substratum;may ascend 1500 m to surface (Ebert, 2003)

elasmobranchs [Scyliorhinidae (Apristurus sp.)], cephalopods, teleosts (Ebert, 1990; Ebert, 2003)

nocturnal vertical migration likely related to feeding (Ebert, 2003)

4.2 (Cortes, 1999)

appear to segregate by size and reproductive stage (Tanaka et al., 1990)

Cestoda (2 families, 2 spp.) (Garman, 1884)

Squalimorphii

Hexanchiformes

Hexanchidae

Hexanchus

griseus

(Bonnaterre, 1788)

Hexanchus coriuns (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880d)

sixgill shark
shovelnosed shark, cow shark, mud shark, sixgill cowshark (Gates and Frey, 1974) bluntnose sixgill shark (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)

Aleutian Islands, Alaska to the southern tip of Baja California (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)

circumglobal from cold-temperate regions to the tropics, possibly polar (Ebert, 2003)

surface to 2500 m (Ebert, 2003)

females: WT = 37.5 + (6.64x10^-2)(TL₁) + (−3.11x10⁵)(TL₁²) + (1x10⁻⁸)(TL₁³) (polynomial regression) (California) (Ebert, 1986a)

females: 482 cm TL (Bolivar, 1907)
males: 348 cm TL (Springer and Waller, 1969)

Mediterranean Sea
Key West, Florida

68 to 74 cm TL (Ebert, 1986a)

central California

aplacental viviparity

females larger than males (Ebert, 2002)

310 cm TL (Ebert, 2002)
309 cm TL (Crow et al., 1996)

ca. 420 cm TL (Ebert, 2002)
NG

biannual (Ebert, 1990)

104 to 128 (Ebert, 2002)

108 (Vaillant, 1901)
47 to 108 (Ebert, 2003)

1:1 (Ebert, 1986a)

108 embryos (452 cm TL) (Vaillant, 1901)
51 embryos (421 cm TL) (Ebert, 1986a)

12 to 24 months (Ebert, 1990)

slope and shelf, inshore, bays and estuaries (Ebert, 1990)

cephalopods, teleosts (Myctophidae, Merlucciidae, Clupeidae), chondrichthyes (Scyliorhinidae, Squalidae,Triakidae, Rajidae, Callorhinchidae), cetacea (Delphinidae), pinnipeds (Otariidae) (Ebert, 1994)

elasmobranchs (Echinorhinus cookei) (Varoujean, 1972)

upper continental slope and outer continental shelf (Ebert, 1990)

continental slopes and maybe the abyssal plain (Ebert, 1990)

teleosts (Coryphaenidae, Clupeidae, Gadiformes, Lophiidae, Scombridae, Paralichthyidae, Xiphiidae, Istiophoridae, Macrouridae, Sebastidae), chondrichthyes (elasmobranchs, holocephalans), cetaceans (Delphinidae), pinnipeds (Phocidae, Otariidae), crustaceans [Decapoda (shrimps, crabs)], cephalopods [Loliginidae (Loligo sp.)] (Compagno, 1984; Taylor, 1993; Ebert, 1994; Ebert, 2003)

ambush (Ebert, 1990)

may forage nocturnally (Compagno, 1984)

4.3 (Cortes, 1999)

2 females moved within a limited 10 km area following the bottom contours; moved between 11 to 72 cm/sec (average 10 to 20 cm/sec); average speed was 0.1 total length of the shark sec-1 (Carey and Clark, 1995)

seem to remain within a limited geographic area (Carey and Clark, 1995)

Cestoda (4 families, 15 spp.), Copepoda (2 families, 3 spp.), Digenea (1 family, 3 spp.), Monogenea (1 family, 2 spp.), Nematoda (1 family, 1 spp.) (Love and Moser, 1983; Ebert, 1986a; Ebert, 1986b

Squalimorphii

Hexanchiformes

Hexanchidae

Notorhynchus

cepedianus

(Peron, 1807)

Notorhynchus borealis (Gill, 1864) Notorhynchus maculatus (Ayres, 1855a)

sevengill shark
cow shark (Starks, 1917) mud shark (Walford, 1935) cowshark, spotted cowshark, sevengill cowshark, Pacific sevengill cowshark (Gates and Frey, 1974) broadnose sevengill shark (Love, 1996)

southeast Alaska to the Gulf of California (Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Ebert, 1986a)

circumglobal in most temperate waters (Compagno, 1984)

intertidal to 136 m (Compagno, 1984; Ebert, 2003)

males: WT = 3.39 + (1.23x10²)(TL₁) + (1.58x10⁵)(TL₁²) + (1.10x10⁸)(TL₁³) (polynomial regression) (California) (Ebert, 1986a)
females: WT = -59 + (0.14)(TL₁) + (1.1x10^-4)(TL₁²) + (3.08x10^-8)(TL₁³) (polynomial regression) (California) (Ebert, 1986a)
both: WT = 8.74x10^-7(kg/cm³)TL^3.33 (California) (Van Dykhuizen and Mollet, 1992)

both: PDL (cm) = 11.7 (SE 1.6) + 0.576 (SE 0.012) TL (cm) (California) (Van Dykhuizen and Mollet, 1992)
both: PCL (cm) = -7 (SE 1.4) + 0.718(SE 0.01) TL (cm) (California) (Van Dykhuizen and Mollet, 1992)

296 cm TL (Ebert, 1986a)

Humboldt Bay, California

41 to 53 cm TL (Ebert, 1986a; Ebert, 1990)
35 to 53 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)

San Francisco Bay, California
California

0.22 (S.E. 0.11)

0.295 (S.E. 0.052)

202 (S.E. 12.5)

229 (S.E. 41)

189 (S.E. 12)

0.258 (S.E. 0.043)

von Bertalanffy growth function

captive growth

central California

Van Dykhuizen and Mollet, 1992

aplacental viviparity

females larger than males (Ebert, 1989, 1996)

153 to 160 cm TL; 4.3 to 5 yrs. (Van Dykhuizen and Mollet, 1992)
140 to 160 cm TL (Ebert, 1996)
NG
NG
NG

11 to 21 yrs. (Van Dykhuizen and Mollet, 1992)
218 cm TL (Ebert, 1996)
192 to 208 cm TL (Compagno, 1984)
230 cm TL (Ebert, 1986a)
250 cm TL (Ebert, 1989)

Humboldt Bay and San Francisco Bay, California (Ebert, 1989)

Ebert, 1989 (Humboldt Bay and San Francisco Bay, California)

24 months (Ebert, 1996)

33 to 55 per ovary, 82 to 96 total; the left ovary always had 2 to 16 more eggs (Ebert, 1986a) 67 to 104 (Ebert, 1996)

82 to 95 (Ebert, 1989)

82 embryos (291 cm TL) (Ebert, 1986a)

12 months (Ebert, 1986a)

0.14

Hoenig's equation

32 yrs.

Smith et al., 1998

bays and estuaries (Ebert, 1986a; Ebert, 2002)

teleosts, elasmobranchs [Triakidae (Triakis semifasciata, Mustelus henlei), Myliobatidae (Myliobatis calilfornica)] (Ebert, 2002)

adolescent sevengills (Ebert, 2002)

bays, estuaries, nearshore waters (Ebert, 2002)

elasmobranchs [Hexanchidae (Notorhynchus cepedianus), Triakidae (Triakis semifasciata, Mustelus henlei), Myliobatidae (Myliobatis calilfornica)], teleosts, marine mammals (Ebert, ;2002)

shallow open coast and bays (Ebert, 1986a)
associated with areas of upwelling and high biological productivity; found in rocky reef habitat, kelp beds, and sandy/muddy bottom (Ebert, 2003)

elasmobranchs [Triakidae (Mustelus henlei, Triakis semifasciata), Myliobatidae (Myliobatis californica), Squalidae (Squalus acanthias), Hexanchidae (Notorhynchus cepedianus)], teleosts, pinnipeds [Phocidae (Phoca vitulina)] (Ebert, 1984, Ebert, 1986a, Ebert, 1989, Ebert, 1991a, Long, 1995)

uses ambush strategy with stealth and/or bursts of speed; also may hunt in groups (Ebert, 1991a)

elasmobranchs (Carcharadon carcharias) (Ebert, 1986; Ebert, 2003)

4.7 (Cortes, 1999)

will forage and move about in groups of similar size and sex (Ebert, 1991b)

movements in bays appear to be correlated with tides (Compagno, 1984)
move into bays and estuaries in spring and summer and leave in the fall (Ebert, 1986a)
juveniles tend to remain close to nursery areas for first few years, but larger adolescents and adults will range much further a field (Ebert, 1990; Ebert, 1996; Ebert, 2002)

returned to site of capture 503 km away in Humboldt Bay after being released from the Monterey Bay Aquarium (Van Dykhuizen et al., 1998)
adults return seasonally to site specific nursery areas (Ebert, 1990; Ebert, 1996)

Cestoda (3 families, 3 spp.), Copepoda (1 family, 2 spp.), Hirudinoidea (1 family, 1 sp.), Isopoda (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983; Ebert, 1986a)

Squalimorphii

Squaliformes

Echinorhinidae

Echinorhinus

cookei

Pietschmann, 1928

Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

prickly shark
bramble shark (Gates and Frey, 1974)

Moolach Beach, Oregon, to Gulf of California (Ebert, 2003)

Peru, Taiwan, New Zealand, Australia, Palau, Hawaii, Japan (Compagno, 1984, Taniuchi and Yanagisawa, 1983; Crow et al., 1996; Last and Stevens, 1994)

4 to 650 m (Compagno, 1984; Crow et al., 1996; Crane and Heine, 1992; Castro, 1983; Ebert, 2003)

400 cm TL (Garrick, 1960)

New Zealand

35 to 45 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)

aplacental viviparity

240 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)

300 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)

114 (Crow et al., 1996)

elasmobranchs (Hexanchus griseus) (Ebert, 1986a)

continental and insular shelves, submarine canyon heads (Compagno, 1984)
osbserved below the oxygen minumum zone (Barry and Maher, 2000)
soft mud and sandy bottoms (Ebert, 2003)

cephalopods (Teuthoidea, Octopoda), chondrichthyans [Squalidae (Squalus acanthias), Hexanchidae (Hexanchus griseus), Chimaeridae], teleosts [Merluccidae, Pleuronectiformes, Scorpaenidae, Hexagrammidae (Ophiodon elongatus), Atherinidae, Clupeidae], crustaceans (Compagno, 1984; Crow et al., 1996; Ebert, 2003)

congregate into groups of up to 30 or more at the head of the Monterey Submarine Canyon in water less than 35 m deep (Crane and Heine, 1992)

appear to make seasonal inshore migrations to the heads of submarine canyons and onto the continental shelf and upper continental slopes (Ebert, 2003)

Squalimorphii

Squaliformes

Squalidae

Squalus

acanthias

Linnaeus, 1758

Spinax (Acanthias) suckleyi (Girard, 1855)

spiny dogfish
dog shark, dogfish, grayfish, Pacific grayfish, Pacific dogfish, California dogfish (Gates and Frey, 1974) picked dogfish, rock salmon (Ketchen, 1986)

Bering Sea to central Baja California and Gulf of California (Ketchen, 1986)

circumglobal, antetropical (Compagno, 1984)

surface to 1236 m (Ketchen, 1986)

males: WT = 0.00000189 TL^3.09 (TL = mm) (Strait of Georgia, British Columbia) (Jones and Geen, 1977a)
gravid females: WT = 0.00000017 TL^3.47 (TL = mm) (Strait of Georgia, British Columbia) (Jones and Geen, 1977a)
non-gravid adult females: WT = 0.00000305 TL^3.03 (TL = mm) (Strait of Georgia, British Columbia) (Jones and Geen, 1977a)
males: WT = 0.00292 TL^3.0641 (Hecate Strait, British Columbia) (Saunders et al., 1984)
females: WT = 0.00185 TL^3.7012 (Hecate Strait, British Columbia) (Saunders et al., 1984)
both: WT = 0.00267 TL^3.783 (Hecate Strait, British Columbia) (Saunders et al., 1984)

160 cm TL (Clemens and Wilby, 1946)

Pacific coast of Canada

24 to 30 cm TL (Ketchen, 1972)

British Columbia, Canada

99.8
97.3
NG

125.3
128.5
114.94

NG
NG
NG

0.07
0.07
NG

0.048
0.036
0.0437

NG
NG
NG

-4.7
-4.5
NG

-4.88
-6.9
-3.557

NG
NG
NG

von Bertalanffy growth function
von Bertalanffy growth function
von Bertalanffy growth function

dorsal fin spine: surface reading
vertebral centra: xray spectrometry
dorsal fin spine

No
No
No

interreader comparison
compared to dorsal spines
No

British Columbia, Canada
Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada
Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada

Ketchen, 1975
Jones and Geen, 1977b
Saunders and McFarlane, 1993

40 yrs. (Hart, 1973)
60+ yrs. (Ketchen, 1975)

annuli count of second dorsal spine
annuli count of second dorsal spine

aplacental viviparity

females larger than males (Jones and Geen, 1977a, Ketchen, 1975)

72 cm TL; 14 yrs. (Ketchen, 1975)
72 cm TL; 15 yrs. (Jones and Geen, 1977c)
NG
NG

93.5 cm TL; 23 yrs. (Ketchen, 1975)
76 cm TL; 18 yrs. (Jones and Geen, 1977c)
76 cm TL (Ketchen, 1972)
80 cm TL; 24 yrs. (Saunders and McFarlane, 1993)

78.5cm (19 yrs.) (Jones and Geen, 1977c)
72.3 cm (Saunders et al., 1984)
72 cm (Hart 1973)
NG
NG

93.5 cm (29 yrs.) (Jones and Geen, 1977c)
94.2 cm (Saunders et al., 1984)
93.5 cm (Hart 1973)
93.5 cm (Ketchen, 1972)
93.4 cm (Saunders and McFarlane, 1993)

Strait of Georgia, British Columbia (Jones and Geen, 1977c)
San Diego, California (Eigenmann, 1891)

Alverson and Stansby, 1963 (Strait of Georgia, B.C.)

Jones and Geen, 1977c (Strait of Georgia, B.C.)

Eigenmann, 1891 (San Diego, California)

females biannual (Jones and Geen, 1977c)
males annual (Jones and Geen, 1977c)

2 to 13 large eggs (6.8 avg.) (Ketchen, 1972)

3 to 14 (Roedel and Ripey, 1950)
2 to 20 (8 avg.) (Alverson and Stansby, 1963)
2 to 17 (6 to 7 avg.) (Ketchen, 1972)
avg. 7.3 (Jones and Geen, 1977c)

1:1 assumed (Jones and Geen, 1977c)

20 months (Alverson and Stansby, 1963)
ca. 24 months (Ketchen, 1972)
23 months (Jones and Geen, 1977c)

0.065
0.094

NG
NG

Hoenig's equation
age-structure model

70 yrs.
NG

Smith et al., 1998
Wood et al. 1978

0.113
0.023

0.893 (0.876 to 0.912 95% CI)
1.023

NG
3.05

55.6 yrs. (50.0 to 62.2 95% CI)
49.63

NG
NG

age structured life history table with Monte Carlo simulation
NG

northeastern Pacific
Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada

Cortes, 2002
Jones and Geen, 1977c (calculated by Eguchi and Cailliet)

midwater and epipelagic zone (Beamish and Smith, 1976)

crustaceans [Euphasiidae, Decapoda (shrimps)], ctenophores, larvaceans, teleosts [Clupeidae, Salmonidae, Gasterosteidae, Ammodytidae, Osmeridae (Thaleichthys pacificus), Merluciidae] (Fraser, 1923; Taylor, 1970; Beamish and Smith, 1976; Robinson et al., 1982; Saunders et al., 1984; Tanasichuck et al., 1991)

teleosts (Ophiodon elongatus, Anoplopoma fimbria), elasmobranchs (Carcharadon carcharias) (Ketchen, 1986)

midwater and epipelagic zone, sometimes benthic (Beamish and Smith, 1976)

crustaceans [Euphausiacea, Decapoda (Pandalus spp., shrimp, Cancer magister larvae)], ctenophores, cephalopods (Teuthoidea, Octopoda), Hydrozoa [Porpitidae (Velella velella)], teleosts [Clupeidae (Clupea pallasii), Engraulidae (Engraulis mordax), Merluciidae (Merluccius productus), Ammodytidae, Pleuronectiformes, Hexagrammidae (Ophiodon elongatus), Osmeridae (Thaleicthys pacificus)], chondrichthyes [Chimaeridae (Hydrolagus collei)] (Tanasichuk et al. 1991, Taylor 1970, Alverson and Stansby 1963, de Wit 1975, Saunders et al. 1984, Brodeur et al. 1987)

elasmobranchs (Hexanchus griseus), large teleosts (Thunnus thynnus) (Ketchen, 1972; Ketchen, 1986)

boreal to warm-temperate, inshore and offshore, and from surface to bottom (Compagno, 1984)

crustacea [Euphausiacea, Decapoda (Pandalidae (Pandalus spp.), shrimp, crabs)], Scyphozoa, ctenophora, teleosts [Clupeidae (Clupea pallasii), Merluciidae (Merluccius productus), Engraulidae (Engraulis mordax), Gadidae (Theragra chalcogramma), Ammodytidae, Pleuronectiformes, Hexagrammidae (Ophiodon elongatus), Osmeridae (Thaleichthys pacificus), Salmonidae (Oncorhynchus spp., Oncorhynchus tshawytscha smolt, Oncorhynchus kisutch smolt)], chondrichthyes [Chimaeridae (Hydrolagus colliei), Squalidae (Squalus acanthias juveniles)], cephalopods (Teuthoidea, Octopoda) (Taylor, 1970; Alverson and Stansby, 1963; Bane and Bane, 1971; de Wit, 1975; Robinson et al., 1982; Saunders et al., 1984; Brodeur et al., 1987; Tanasichuk et. al. 1991; Beamish et al., 1992; Reilly et al., 1994))

elasmobranchs (Hexanchus griseus, Notorhynchus cepedianus), large teleosts (Thunnus thynnus)(Ketchen, 1972; Ketchen, 1986; Ebert, 1989)

3.9 (Cortes, 1999)

found in association with Merluccidae, Gadidae, Onchorhynchus spp., Clupeidae, Bathylagidae (Leuroglossus stilbius), Myctophidae, and other species of midwater fish (Beamish and Smith, 1976)

females school by size (de Wit, 1975)

majority of tag recoveries made in the vicinity of release; exhibited movements from 20 to 1,200 nautical miles in 1 to 7 yrs. respectively (Holland, 1957)
move offshore in winter and inshore in summer (Jensen, 1965)
generally recaptured near point of release, but some moved up to > 7,000 km (McFarlane and Beamish, 1986)
capable of long distance movements; sharks tagged in British Columbia have been recaptured off Santa Cruz (980 nautical miles), Baja California (1250 nautical miles), and in Japan (possibly up to 4260 nautical miles in 2 years) (Ketchen, 1986)

move southward along western US coast in fall and winter, northward in spring and summer (Holland, 1957)
exhibit seasonal migration (Hart, 1973)
transient (Ketchen, 1986)

Acanthocephala (1 family, 1 sp.), Cestoda (12 families, 22 spp.), Copepoda (7 families, 20 spp.), Digenea (5 families, 7 spp.), Hirudinoidea (1 family, 2 spp.), Monogenea (4 families, 8 spp.), Nematoda (4 families, 9 spp.), Protozoa (3 families, 5 spp.) (Love and Moser, 1983)

Squalimorphii

Squaliformes

Etmopteridae

Centroscyllium

nigrum

Garman, 1899

Pacific black dogfish
combtooth dogfish (Ebert, 2003)

southern California to Panama (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)

Hawaiian, Cocos, and Galapagos Islands; Strait of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, Chile (de Buen, 1960; Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Long, 1994)

400 to 1145 m (Ebert, 2003)

51 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)

11 to 13 cm (Ebert, 2003)

Catalina Island, southern California

aplacental viviparity

>33 cm TL (Long, 1994)

35 cm TL (Compagno, 1984)

up to 7 (Ebert, 2003)

soft mud and sand bottoms (Ebert, 2003)

crustaceans (deepwater shrimps), cephalopods, and small mesopelagic teleosts (Ebert, 2003)

Cirripedia (1 family, 1 sp.) (Long and Waggoner, 1993)

Squalimorphii

Squaliformes

Somniosidae

Somniosus

pacificus

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1944

Somniosus microcephalus (Scofield, 1920)

Pacific sleeper shark
sleeper shark (Gates and Frey, 1974)

eastern Bering Sea to Baja California (Compagno, 1984)

western Bering Sea to Japan (Compagno, 1984)

intertidal to at least 2000 m (Compagno, 1984)

both: y = 24 + (-9.76 x 10^-2)(x_i) - (6.18 x 10^-5)(x_i²) (California) (Ebert et al., 1987)

at least 430 cm TL, but possibly as large as 7 m TL (Ebert et al., 1987)

Farallon Islands, California

ca. 65 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)

aplacental viviparity

397 cm TL (Phillips, 1953)
NG

NG
370 cm TL (Ebert et al., 1987)

300 (Gotshall and Jow, 1965)
372 (Ebert et al., 1987)

continental outer shelves and upper slopes (Compagno, 1984)

teleosts: [Pleuronectiformes (Atheresthes stomias, Glyptocephalus zachirus, Microstomus pacificus, Hippoglossus stenolepis), Salmonidae (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Oncorhynchus spp.), Scorpaenidae (Sebastolobus alascanus, Sebastes sp.), Scombridae (Thunnus alalunga), Macrouridae (Albatrossia pectoralis, Coryphaenoides cinereus)] cephalopods [Octopoteuthidae (Octopoteuthis deletron), Gonatidae (Berryteuthis magister), Onychoteuthidae (Moroteuthis robusta), Octopodidae (Octopus dofleini)], crustaceans, pinnipeds [Phocidae (Phoca vitulina)], Gastropoda, fishery offal, carrion (Gotschall and Jow, 1965; Compagno, 1984; Ebert et al., 1987; Yang and Page, 1999; Orlov and Moiseev, 1999; Ebert, 2003)

may be suction feeders (Compagno, 1984)
mainly bottom feeders but may feed up in the water column; may ambush larger swift swimming prey items (Ebert et al., 1987)
mainly a bottom feeder (Yang and Page, 1999)

4.2 (Cortes, 1999)

exhibit seasonal variations in vertical distribution in the Kuril and Kamchatka areas (Orlov and Moiseev, 1999)

Cestoda (1 family, 2 spp.), Monogenea (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983)

Squalimorphii

Squaliformes

Dalatildae

Euprotomicrus

bispinatus

(Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)

pygmy shark

off California coast (Hubbs et al., 1967; Ebert, 2003)

Kadavu Passage, Fiji; central South Pacific; south Indian Ocean; south Atlantic Ocean (Castro, 1983; Suda et al., 1999)
central water masses of the three major oceans far from land, except for oceanic islands such as Hawaii (Ebert, 2003)

surface to 9938 m (Hubbs et al., 1967; Ebert, 2003)

26.5 cm TL (Hubbs et al., 1967)

Japan

6 to 10 cm TL (Hubbs et al., 1967)

aplacental viviparity

17 to 19 cm TL (Hubbs et al., 1967)

22 to 23 cm TL (Hubbs et al., 1967)

6 to 8 (Hubbs et al., 1967)

8 (Hubbs et al., 1967)

possibly near ocean floor, migrate to surface at night (Hubbs et al. 1967)

teleosts (Phosichthyidae, Sternoptychidae, Myctophidae), cephalopods (Teuthoidea), crustaceans (Hubbs et al., 1967; Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Castro, 1983; Ebert, 2003)

exhibit vertical, diurnal migrations (Hubbs et al., 1967)
possibly utilize ventral luminescence (Seigel, 1978)

4.1 (Cortes, 1999)

transient (Hubbs et al., 1967)

Squalimorphii

Squaliformes

Dalatildae

Isistius

brasiliensis

(Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)

cookiecutter shark

Guadalupe Island, Baja California and possibly as far north as Ano Nuevo, central California (Ebert, 2003)

tropical and subtropical belts of the Atlantic (including Gulf of Mexico), Indian and Pacific oceans (Hubbs et al., 1967; Castro, 1983; Castro-Aguirre and Garcia-Dominguez, 1988; Nakano and Tabuchi, 1990)

surface to 3500 m (Ebert, 2003)

49.6 cm TL (Jahn and Haedrich, 1987)

12.4 to 13.7 cm (Gadig and Gomes, 2002)

southern Brazil

aplacental viviparity

39 cm TL (Jahn and Haedrich, 1987)

36 cm TL (Jahn and Haedrich, 1987)

6 to 7 (Castro, 1983)

9 (Gadig and Gomes, 2002)

4:5 (Gadig and Gomes, 2002)

9 embryos (46.5 cm TL) (Gadig and Gomes, 2002)

cephalopods, crustaceans (Pasiphaeidae) (Castro-Aguirre and Garcia-Dominguez, 1988)

possibly near ocean floor, migrate to surface at night (Hubbs et al., 1967Hubbs et al., 1967)

teleosts (Phosichthyidae, Scombridae, Istiophoridae), cephalopods (Teuthoidea), cetaceans [(Delphinidae, Phocoenidae (Phocoena phocoena), Mysticeti, Ziphiidae, Physeteride (Physeter macrocephalus)], pinnipeds [Otarridae (Arctocephalus townsendi), Phocidae (Mirounga angustirostris)] (Mackintosh and Wheeler, 1929; Hubbs et al., 1967; Van Utretch, 1959; Castro, 1983; Jahn and Haedrich, 1987; Le Boeuf et al., 1987)

possibly utilize ventral luminescence (Seigel, 1978)
exhibit group foraging (Jahn and Haedrich, 1987)
possibly utilize counterillumination (Widder, 1998)

4.3 (Cortes, 1999)

exhibit opportunistic parasitism (Ebert, 2003)

exhibit schooling behavior (Ebert, 2003)

Squalimorphii

Squatiniformes

Squatinidae

Squatina

californica

Ayres, 1859

Pacific angel shark

southern Alaska to Gulf of California (Ebert, 2003; Roedel and Ripley, 1950)

Ecuador to southern Chile (Compagno, 1984)

3 to 183 m (Compagno, 1984; Feder et al. 1974; Roedel and Ripley, 1950)

152 cm TL (Compagno, 1984; Roedel and Ripley, 1950)
males: 118 cm TL (Natanson, 1984)
females: 152 cm TL (Natanson, 1984)

southern California
Santa Barbara, California
Santa Barbara, California

25 to 26 cm TL (Natanson and Cailliet, 1986)
21 to 26 cm TL (Compagno, 1984)

California
NG

von Bertalanffy growth function

vertbral centra proved to be not useful due to irregularity of band deposition

Tag Recapture, OTC injection, captive growth

interreader comparison

southern California

Natanson and Cailliet, 1990

up to 35 yrs. (Natanson, 1984)

aplacental viviparity

90 to 100 cm TL (Natanson and Cailliet, 1986)

107 cm TL (Natanson and Cailliet, 1986)

Natanson and Cailliet, 1986 (Santa Barbara, California)

annual (Natanson and Cailliet, 1986)

1 to 10; avg. 7 (Natanson and Cailliet, 1986)

1 to 11 (6 avg.) (Natanson and Cailliet, 1986)
1 to 13 (6 avg.) (Ebert, 2003)

no correlation (Natanson and Cailliet, 1986)

10 months (Natanson and Cailliet, 1986)

0.129

Hoenig's equation

35 yrs.

Smith et al., 1998

shallow bays, estuaries, heads of submarine canyons, around rocky reefs and kelp forests (Feder et al., 1974; Compagno, 1984; Ebert, 2003)

teleosts [Serranidae (Paralabrax clathratus), Scianidae (Atractoscion nobilis, Seriphus politus), Pomacentridae (Chromis punctipinnis), Pleuronectiformes, Scombridae, Clupeidae (Sardinops sagax)], cephalopods (Teuthoidea) (Fouts and Nelson, 1999; Ebert, 2003)

ambush predators (Fouts and Nelson, 1999)
choose ambush sites based on hunting success (Ebert, 2003)

elasmobranchs (Carcharadon carharias, Notorynchus cepedianus) (Ebert, 2003)

4.1 (Cortes, 1999)

10.7 to 17.2

0.056

gel electrophoresis

Gaida, 1997

higher activity at night, may return to forage in one location (Standora and Nelson, 1976)

do not appear to make long distance migrations (Ebert, 2003)

Cestoda (1 family, 1 sp.), Digenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Hirudinoidea (1 family, 1 sp.), Protozoa (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983)