TAXONOMY BIOGEOGRAPHY AGE & GROWTH REPRODUCTION MORTALITY DEMOGRAPHY HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS GENETICS BEHAVIOR PATHOLOGY
CLASS             Life Stage        
Chondrichthyes   Seasonal Cycle Fecundity  
SUBCLASS   Growth Parameters   Fertilization and Pupping Period (^^^^^ = peak fertilization; ***** = peak pupping; ##### = doubtful pupping records) Juveniles Adolescents Adults Genetic Variance
Elasmobranchii Total Length (cm) to Weight (kg) Equation (Location) Length Conversion Equations (Location) Max. Reported Length (cm) Geographic Area (max. length) Length at Birth (cm) Geographic Area (length at birth) Linf in cm k t0 r2 Growth Model Ageing Method(s) Validation Verification Geographic Area (Age & Growth Study) Source
(Age & Growth Study) 		Longevity Method of Longevity Estimation Breeding Behavior Mode of Reproduction Sexual Dimorphism Length (cm) & Age at 1st Maturity 50% Maturity Geographic Area   Courtship   Fertilization   Egg Deposition   Partuition Mortality Estimates   Food Habits   Food Habits   Food Habits   Substocks Haplotype Diversity (Geographic Area) Nucleotide Diversity (#) Mean Number of Alleles per Locus (SE) % Polymorphic Loci Mean Heterozygosity Approach Effective Population Size Source (Genetic Variance) Behavioral Interactions Migration & Movement
Superorder Order Family Genus Species Author Synonymy Common Name(s) Eastern North Pacific Global Observed Depth Range (m) Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Male Female Courtship Nursery Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Source (Location) (Seasonal Cycle) Reproductive Cycle Fecundity Range and/or Mean Ovarian Eggs Uterine Eggs Embryos Sex Ratio at Birth (M:F) Uterine Egg or embryo Number at Female TL (cm) or Age Size Specific Fecundity Equations (length or weight range) Gestation Time Natural (M) Fishing (F) Total (Z) Method of Mortality Estimation Age Range used to Calculate Mortality Source (Mortality Estimates) r er (lambda) R0 G(T) cx/wx                     Method                     Geographic Region Source (Demography Study) Habitat Diet Foraging Strategy Periodicity Predators Habitat Diet Foraging Strategy Periodicity Predators Habitat Diet Foraging Strategy Periodicity Predators Trophic Level Expected (SE) Observed (SE) Interspecific Intraspecific Tagging/Tracking Studies Movement Patterns Homing Ability (Home Range) Parasites Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rhinobatidae
 Rhinobatos glaucostigma Jordan and Gilbert, 1883a
 Rhinobatus glaucostigmus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1883a)
 speckled guitarfish
slaty-spotted guitarfish (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
 lower Baja California through Mexico; Peru (Jordan and Gilbert, 1883a; Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b; McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)

NA NF NF NF 78 cm TL (Jordan and Gilbert, 1883a)
 Mazatlan, Mexico
 NF NF NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF 0.94
 NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 aplacental viviparity
 NF NF
 NF NF NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF sandy bottoms, shallow water (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rhinobatidae Rhinobatos productus
 (Ayers, 1854b)
 Rhinobatis producta (Ayers, 1854b)
 shovelnose guitarfish
guitar fish (Starks, 1918)
pointed-nosed guitar fish, shovel-nosed shark (Walford, 1935)
northern guitarfish (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
shovelnose shark (Roedel, 1953)
 San Francisco, California to Gulf of California, rare north of Monterey Bay (Miller and Lea, 1972; Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NA Intertidal to 91.5 m, typically shallower than 12 m (Feder et al., 1974; Love, 1996)
 females: ln WT = -13.4471 + 3.220752 ln TL (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, México) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
males: WT = 0.000002 * TL3.14 (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico) (Dowton-Hoffman, 1996)
females: WT = 0.000003 * TL3.04 (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico) (Dowton-Hoffman, 1996)
 NF females: 156 cm TL (Baxter, 1966)
males: 114 cm TL (Dowton-Hoffman, 1996)
 San Quintin Bay, Baja California, Mexico
Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico
 20 to 24 cm TL (Villavicencio-Garayzar 1993b)
15 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico
NG
 142 594 228
 0.095
 0.016
 0.047
 -3.942
 -3.800
 -4.030
 0.70
 NF 0.81
 NF vertebral centra: whole centra with transmitted light (dark field)
 Terramycin mark, captive rearing, edge analysis
triplicate reads, only used those that agreed
 between Seal and Redondo Beaches, California
 Timmons and Bray, 1997      
 both: 11 yrs. (Timmons and Bray, 1997)
 centra counts (opaque bands)
 aplacental viviparity
 females 40% larger (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
females 20% larger (Dowton-Hoffman, 1996)
 91 to 100 cm TL; 7.0 to 8.4 yrs. (Timmons and Bray, 1997)
<63 cm TL (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
80 cm TL (Dowton-Hoffman, 1996)
92 cm TL (Dubois, 1981)
110 cm TL (Talent, 1985)
 99 cm TL; 7 yrs. (Timmons and Bray, 1997)
66 cm TL (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
87 cm TL (Dowton-Hoffman, 1996)
NG
NG
 NG 99 cm TL (Timmons and Bray, 1997)
 Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Villavicencio Garayzar, 1993b)
 Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California (Herald et al., 1960)
southern California (Love, 1996)
Belmont Shores area in Long Beach, California (Timmons and Bray, 1997)
Punta Banda estuary, Baja California, Mexico (Beltrán-Félix et al., 1986)
Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Dowton-Hoffman, 1996)
      







































        Herald et al., 1960 (Elkhorn Slough, California)


Love, 1996 (southern California)


Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico)



Dowton-Hoffman, 1996 (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico )
annual (Herald et al., 1960; Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
 NF NF up to 28 (Baxter, 1966)
6 to 16, typically 9 to 11 (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
4 to18, typically 8 to 10 (Dowton-Hoffman, 1996)
 1:1.06 (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
1:1.04 (Dowton-Hoffman, 1996)
 6 to 9 embryos (104 to 110 cm TL) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
11 to 14 embryos (111 to cm 115 TL) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
8 to 9 embryos (116 to 125 cm TL) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
14 to 16 embryos (126 to 130 cm TL) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
16 embryos (131 to 135 cm TL) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
12 embryos (136 to 140 cm TL) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF very shallow water, usually protected or semi-protected waters (Love, 1996)
 NF NF NF NF NF crustaceans [Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis)], teleosts, possibly some bivalves (Talent, 1982) NF NF NF shallow water along beaches and in bays (Roedel and Ripley, 1950)
mud flats, especially those with eelgrass beds, extensively utilized (Dubsky, 1974)
sand and mud-sand bottoms in shallow coastal waters, bays, sloughs, and estuaries (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 crustaceans [Decapoda (Grapsidae (Hemigrapsus oregonensis), shrimp)], Amphipoda], bivalves, polychaetes, teleosts [Embiotocidae (Cymatogaster aggregata), Gobiidae (Gillichthys mirabilis), Cottidae (Leptocottus armatus), Pleuronectiformes)] (Roedel and Ripley, 1950; Talent, 1982; Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Love, 1996; Ebert, 2003)


noted feeding on sand crabs in water less than 3" deep (Baxter, 1966; Baxter, 1980)
forage epibenthically off mudflats (Talent, 1982)
 NF elasmobranchs (Triakis semifasciata) (Talent, 1976)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF observed swimming with (underneath) Triakis semifasciata off Santa Catalina Island, California (Love, 1996)
 solitary or in large aggregations (Michael, 1993)     
aggregate in shallow waters (Love, 1996)
 NF nomadic; burrow in sand when resting (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
enters Punta Banda estuary between May and August (Beltrán-Félix et al., 1986)
in Almejas Bay mature females entered the Bay in late April or early May and leave by mid August; mature males enter the Bay in July and leave in mid August; after pupping in July and August, females mate with males before both leave the Bay (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993b)

NF Nematoda (1 family, 1 sp.), Cestoda (5 families, 10 spp.), Copepoda (4 family, 4 spp.), Digenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Monogenea (2 families, 3 spp.) (Heinz and Dailey, 1974; Love and Moser, 1983; Adamson et al., 1987; Deets, 1987; Doijiri and Deets, 1988; Deets and Dojiri, 1989; Gomez del Prado R. and Euzet, 1999)


NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rhinobatidae
 Platyrhinoidis triseriata
(Jordan and Gilbert, 1880c)
 Platyrhina triseriata (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880c)
 thornback
round skate, thornback, guitarfish, California thornback, shovelnose (Gates and Frey, 1974)
banjo shark (Love, 1996)		 Tomales Bay, northern California to Thurloe Head, Baja California (Miller and Lea, 1972; Plant, 1989)
 NA intertidal to 137 m (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF 91 cm TL (Roedel and Ripley, 1950)
 NG
 ca. 11 cm (Ebert, 2003)
 NG
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 aplacental viviparity
 NF NF 48 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF          

        Ebert, 2003 (southern California)
 annual (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF 1 to15 (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF fine sand to mud bottoms, sand-bottom kelp holdfast and rocky-bottom kelp-bed habitat (Feder et al., 1974; Limbaugh, 1955)
kelp bed and adjacent kelpless cobble area (Larson and DeMartini, 1984)
mud and sandy bottoms of bays, sloughs, and coastal beaches, also around kelp forests (Ebert, 2003)                            
 crustaceans, molluscs, polychaetes, cephalopods (Teuthoidea), teleosts [Engraulidae (Engraulis mordax), Gobiidae, Clupeidae (Sardinops sagax), Cottidae, Embiotocidae)] (Limbaugh, 1955, Feder et al., 1974, Van Blaricom, 1982, Ebert, 2003)

NF NF elasmobranchs, pinnipeds (Mirounga angustirostris) (Love, 1996; Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF; NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Cestoda (3 families, 3 spp.), Digenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Nematoda (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983; Ivanov and Campbell, 1998)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rhinobatidae
 Zapteryx
 exasperata
 (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880e)
 Platyrhina exasperata (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880e)
 banded guitarfish
prickly skate (Starks, 1918)
mottled guitarfish (Roedel, 1953)
striped guitarfish (Ebert, 2003)
 southern California to Puerto Pizzarro, Peru (Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Rubio and Ruiz, 1993; McEachran and Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995) NA intertidal to 23 m; concentrated at 2.5 to 10 m (Feder et al., 1974)
 NF NF 94 cm TL (Villavicencio, 1995b)
 Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur Mexico
 15 to 18 cm TL (Villavicencio, 1995b)
 Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur Mexico
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 aplacental viviparity
 females larger than males (Villavicencio, 1995b)
 NF 77 cm TL (Villavicencio, 1995b)
 NF NF NF Alemejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Villavicencio, 1995b)
                 Villavicencio, 1995b (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico)                
 annual (Villavicencio, 1995b)
 NF NF 4 to 11 (Villavicencio, 1995b)
 1:1 (Villavicencio, 1995b)
 NF NF 3 to 4 months (Villavicencio, 1995b)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF nearshore rocky areas, crevices and caves (Feder et al., 1974)                     
 NF NF NF NF nearshore rocky areas, crevices and caves (Feder et al., 1974)
 NF NF NF NF nearshore rocky areas, crevices and caves (Feder et al., 1974)
 crustaceans [Decapoda (shrimp, crabs)], benthic invertebrates (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Monogenea (1 family, at least 1 sp.) (Gomez del Prado Ruiz and Euzet, 1999)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Narcinidae
 Diplobatis
 ommata
 (Jordan and Gilbert, in Jordan and Bollman 1890)
 Discopyge ommata Jordan and Gilbert, in Jordan and Bollman 1890 ocellated electric ray
 Gulf of California to Panama (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b; Jordan and Bollman, 1890)
 NA to about 60 m (Jordan and Bollman, 1890, Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
 NF NF 18.5 cm TL (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
 Inez, Mexico
 NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 aplacental viviparity
 NF 37 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG NF NF NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF crustaceans [Amphipoda, Decapoda (small shrimp)], polychaetes (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Narcinidae
 Narcine
 entemedor
 Jordan and Starks, 1895
 NA
 Cortez electric ray
ocellated electric ray (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
lesser electric ray (Allen and Robertson, 1994)
giant electric ray (McEachran and Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995)
 Ojo de Liebre lagoon, Baja California Sur, through northern Gulf of California and south to northern Peru (de Carvalho, 1999)
 NA intertidal to 100 m (Chirichigno, 1978)
 males: WT = 0.000067 * TL2.54 (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
females: WT = 0.000012 * TL2.98 (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
 NF females: 93 cm TL (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993c)
males: 67 cm TL (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
 Almejas Bay, Baja California, Mexico
Almejas Bay, Baja California, Mexico
 16.3 cm TL (Castro-Aguirre et al., 1970)
14 to 16 cm TL (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
11 to 12 cm TL (Allen and Robertson, 1994)
 Gulf of California
Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico
NG
 76.2 (S.E. 11.2)
 82.6 (S.E. 1.1)
 NG
 0.104 (S.E. 0.05)
 0.302 (S.E. 0.04)
 NG
 -5.320
 -1.140
 NG 0.80 0.61
 NG von Bertalanffy growth function
 vertebral centra: thin sectioned
 marginal increment analysis
 females: APE=10.38%, D=6.1%
males: APE=8.35%, D=4.71%
 Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000
 females: 15 yrs. (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
males: 11 yrs. (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
 centra thin-sectioned counts
centra thin-sectioned counts
 aplacental viviparity
 females larger than males (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993c)
 45 cm TL (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
34.2 to 37.2 cm TL (de Carvalho, 1999)
 63 cm TL (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
NG
 NF NF Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
 Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
        







      Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000 (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico)
annual (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993c)
 NF NF 4 to 15 (Allen and Robertson, 1994)                                   
4 to 20 (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
 1.2:1 (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993c)
1:1.1 (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
 4 to 12 embryos (71 to 81 DW) (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993c)
 Lembryo = 41.82 cm + 1.0025 * L mother, June (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
Lembryo = 75.29 cm + 0.324 * L mother, July (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
Lembryo = 81.364 cm + 0.72 * L mother, August (Villavicencio Garayzar, 2000)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF carbonate sand shelf (20 to 80 m) (Valadez-González et al., 2000)
 polychaetes, crustaceans (Stomatopoda), teleosts (Anguilliformes) (Valadez-González et al., 2000)

NF NF NF carbonate sand shelf (Valadez-González et al., 2000)
 polychaetes, teleosts (Anguilliformes), molluscs (Valadez-González et al., 2000)

forage epibenthically on mudflats (Talent, 1982)
 NF NF sand and boulder bottom (Breder, 1928)
may enter estuarine/brackish water areas (Castro-Aguirre, 1978)
benthic in shallow, protected waters with soft bottoms (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 polychaetes, teleosts, tunicates (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b; Castro-Aguirre, 1965)
 NF nocturnal, move into shallow bays to feed at night (Michael, 1993)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF sexually segregate (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 2000)
 NF in Almejas Bay, Mexico: most abundant from May to August; enters Bay in May, most abundant in June, leaves in August; females pup in July and August in Bay (Villavicencio-Garayzar, 1993c) NF Cestoda (1 family, 2 spp.), Copepoda (1 family, 1 sp.) (Marques et al., 1997; Braswell et al., 2002)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Torpedinidae
 Torpedo
 californica
 Aryes, 1855b
 Tetronarce californica (Ebert, 2003)
 Pacific electric ray
 northern British Columbia to central Baja California (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 NA 3 to 425 m (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 males: WT = 0.00004 TL2.8753 (Monterey Bay and Los Angeles Basin, California) (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
females: y = 0.00002 TL3.0213 (Monterey Bay and Los Angeles Basin, California) (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)                          
 NF males: 92 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
females: 137 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG
 21.4 to 23.1 cm TL (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
18 to 23 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 Monterey Bay, California
 92.1 (95% C.I. 10.74)
 137.3 (95% C.I. 28.82)
 NG
 0.13
 0.07
 NG
 -1.483
 -1.934
 NG NG NG NG von Bertalanffy growth function
 vertebral centra: graphite microtopography
 unsuccessful OTC injection, calcein internal markings, edge analysis
 between reader comparison
 Monterey Bay and Los Angeles Basin, California
 Neer and Cailliet, 2001
 16 yrs., but possibly up to 24 yrs. (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
 predicted from von Bertalanffy growth function
 aplacental viviparity
 females grow larger (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
 64.5 cm TL; ca. 7yrs (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
 73.1 cm TL; ca. 9 yrs (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
 NF NF
  Neer and Cailliet, 2001 (Monterey Bay, California)
 males: annual (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
females: biannual (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)                        
 0 to 55 per ovary (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
 NF 17 (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
 10:7 (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)                           
 number of ova increases with increase body size (Neer and Cailliet, 2001)
 NF NF NF NF 0.277
0.186
 Hoenig's equation
Hoenig's equation
 16 yrs.
24 yrs.
 Neer and Cailliet, 2001
Neer and Cailliet, 2001
 0.09
 1.09
 2.59
 11.15
 NG
 age-based life history table
 Monterey Bay, California
 Neer and Cailliet, 2001
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF around rocky reefs in Southern Calfornia (Lowe et al., 1994)
sandy bottoms, rocky reefs, and near kelp beds (Ebert, 2003)
 teleosts [Engraulidae, Merluccidae, Clupeidae, Scombridae, Pleuronectiformes, Serranidae (Paralabrax clathratus]) (Ebert, 2003)
 uses electric organ to immobilize prey (Moller, 1995; Lowe et al., 1994)
forage in the water column nocturnally or in turbid condition, using electrical cues; hide on bottom and ambush prey during the day (Ebert, 2003)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Cestoda (1 family, 1 sp.), Monogenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Protozoa (1 family, 2 spp.) (Love and Moser, 1983)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Arhynchobatidae Bathyraja
 abyssicola
 (Gilbert, 1896)
 NA deepsea skate
Cortes Bank, southern California to eastern Bering Sea (Ishihara and Ishiyama, 1985)
 western Bering Sea to northern Japan (Ishihara and Ishiyama, 1985)
 362 to 2904 m (Zorzi and Anderson, 1988)
 NF NF 157 cm TL (Sheiko and Tranbenkova, 1998)
 northwest of Bering Island in the Commander Islands
NG
 NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NG oviparity
 NF 110.0 cm TL (Zorzi and Anderson, 1988)
 NF
 NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF annelid worms, cephalopods, crustaceans [Majidae (Chionoecetes bairdi), Decapoda (shrimps)], teleosts (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Arhynchobatidae Bathyraja
 aleutica
 (Gilbert, 1896)
 NA Aleutian skate
Cape Mendocino, northern California to the Bering Sea (Ebert, 2003)
 northern Japan (Ebert, 2003)
 100 to 800m (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 NF NF 150 cm TL (Teshima and Tomonaga, 1986)
 southern Bering Sea, western Gulf of Alaska
12 to 15 cm DW (Teshima and Tomonaga, 1986)
 Bering Sea
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 oviparity
 NF 113 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 125 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF
 southeastern Bering Sea continental slope from 250 to 500 m depth (Teshima and Tomonaga, 1986)

            Teshima and Tomonaga, 1986 (Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF teleosts [Gadidae (Theragra chalcogramma), Salmonidae (Oncorhynchus nerka)], annelid worms, crustaceans [Decapoda (crabs, shrimps)], cephalopods (Teuthoidea) (Orlov, 1998; Ebert, 2003)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Arhynchobatidae Bathyraja
 interrupta
 (Gill and Townsend, 1897)
 NA Bering skate
sandpaper skate (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 Bering Sea to Cortes Bank, southern California (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
*southern range uncertain due to confusion between this species and B. kincaidii
 NA 55 to 1372 m (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 NF NF males: 70.0 cm TL (Ishihara and Ishiyama, 1985)
females: 80.0 cm TL (Ishihara and Ishiyama, 1985)     
 Bering Sea
Bering Sea
NF
 NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 oviparity
 NF NF
 NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF crustaceans (Amphipoda) (Orlov, 1998)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Arhynchobatidae Bathyraja
 kincaidii
(Garman, 1908)
 Bathyraja interrupta (Ishihara and Ishiyama, 1985)
 sandpaper skate
black skate (Hart, 1973; Gates and Frey, 1974)
Bering skate (Ishihara and Ishiyama, 1985)
 Gulf of Alaska to northern Baja California (Ebert, 2003)
 NA 55 to 1372 m (Miller and Lea, 1972)
 NF NF males: 53 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
females: 56 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG 12 to 16 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 oviparity
 disk shape differs between adults (C.Perez, pers. comm.)      
males have alar thorns (C. Perez, pers. comm.)
48 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 46 to 50 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF polychaetes, crustaceans [Amphipoda, Decapoda (crabs, shrimps)] (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Arhynchobatidae Bathyraja
 lindbergi
Ishiyama and Ishihara, 1977
 Bathyraja matsubarai (Dolganov, 1999)
 commander skate
eastern Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, possibly the western Gulf of Alaska (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 western Bering Sea and Commander Islands to Sea of Okhotsk (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 180 to 2000 m (Dolganov, 1999; Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 NF NF 93 cm TL (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 NG NF
 NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 oviparity
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF; NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Arhynchobatidae Bathyraja
 maculata
 Ishiyama and Ishihara, 1977
 NA
 whiteblotched skate
Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 Cape Navarin to Commander Islands, Kamchatka and Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk and northern Sea of Japan (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)

73 to 1110 m (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 NF NF 108 cm TL (Ishiyama and Ishihara, 1977)
120 cm TL (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 Japan
NG
 NF
 NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 oviparity
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF crustaceans [Amphipoda, Decapoda (shrimps)], mollusks, teleosts [Scombridae, Cottidae, Gadidae (Theragra chalcogramma)] (Orlov, 1998)
NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Arhynchobatidae Bathyraja mariposa
 Stevenson et al., 2004
 NA butterfly skate
 Aleutian Islands from Seguam Pass, Tanaga Pass, Petrel Bank, and the Islands of the Four Mountains (Stevenson et al., 2004)
 NA 90 to 448 m (Stevenson et al., 2004)
 NF NF 76 cm TL (Stevenson et al., 2004)
 Tanaga Pass, Aleutian Islands
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Arhynchobatidae Bathyraja
 microtrachys
(Osburn and Nichols, 1916)
 Bathyraja trachura (Miller and Lea, 1972; Ishihara and Ishiyama, 1985)
 fine-spined skate
Washington State to southwest of San Diego, California (Ebert, 2003)
 NA 1995 to 2900 m (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF females: 70 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 Guadalupe Island, Baja California Mexico
 17 cm DW (Ebert, 2003)
 NG NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 oviparity
 NF
 NF 60 to 70 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF crustaceans [Decapoda (deepwater shrimp)] (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF<