TAXONOMY BIOGEOGRAPHY AGE & GROWTH REPRODUCTION MORTALITY DEMOGRAPHY HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS GENETICS BEHAVIOR PATHOLOGY
CLASS             Life Stage        
Chondrichthyes   Seasonal Cycle    
SUBCLASS   Growth Parameters   Fertilization and Pupping Period (^^^^^ = peak fertilization; ***** = peak pupping; ##### = doubtful pupping records) Juveniles Adolescents Adults Genetic Variance
Holocephali Total Length (cm) to Weight (kg) Equation (Location) Length Conversion Equations (Location) Max. Reported Length (cm) Geographic Area (max. length) Length at Birth (cm) Geographic Area (length at birth) Linf in cm k t0 r2 Growth Model Ageing Method(s) Validation Verification Geographic Area (Age & Growth Study) Source (Age & Growth Study) Longevity Method of Longevity Estimation Breeding Behavior Mode of Reproduction Sexual Dimorphism Length (cm) & Age at 1st Maturity 50% Maturity Geographic Area   Courtship   Fertilization   Egg Deposition   Partuition Mortality Estimates   Food Habits   Food Habits   Food Habits   Substocks Haplotype Diversity (Geographic Area) Nucleotide Diversity (#) Mean Number of Alleles per Locus (SE) % Polymorphic Loci Mean Heterozygosity Approach Effective Population Size Source (Genetic Variance) Behavioral Interactions Migration & Movement
Superorder Order Family Genus Species Author Synonymy Common Name(s) Eastern North Pacific Global Observed Depth Range (m) Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Male Female Courtship Nursery Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Source (Location) (Seasonal Cycle) Reproductive Cycle Fecundity Range and/or Mean Ovarian Eggs Uterine Eggs Embryos Sex Ratio at Birth (M:F) Uterine Egg or embryo Number at Female TL (cm) or Age Size Specific Fecundity Equations (length or weight range) Gestation Time Natural (M) Fishing (F) Total (Z) Method of Mortality Estimation Age Range used to Calculate Mortality Source (Mortality Estimates) r er (lambda) R0 G(T) cx/wx Method Geographic Region Source (Demography Study) Habitat Diet Foraging Strategy Periodicity Predators Habitat Diet Foraging Strategy Periodicity Predators Habitat Diet Foraging Strategy Periodicity Predators Trophic Level Expected (SE) Observed (SE) Interspecific Intraspecific Tagging/Tracking Studies Movement Patterns Homing Ability (Home Range) Parasites Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rajidae
 Amblyraja
badia
(Garman, 1899)
 Raja badia (Zorzi and Anderson, 1988)
 broad skate
 Navarin Canyon, Bering Sea to Panama (Ebert, 2003)
 Japanese archipelago: Tohoku slope and Okhotsk slope (Nakaya and Shirai, 1992)
846 to 2324 m (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF males: 95 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
females: 99 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG
NG
 23 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparity
 NF 86 to 93 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF cephalopods, crustaceans, teleosts (Macrouridae) (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja
 binoculata
 (Girard, 1855)
 Raja cooperi (Girard, 1858)
 big skate
big skate of California (Gates and Frey, 1974)
 eastern Bering sea and southeast Alaska to southern Baja California, Mexico; uncommon south of Point Conception, California (Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Castro-Aguirre et al., 1993; Mecklenburg et al., 2002) NA 3 to 800 m (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 both: Log WT= log a + b log TL; Y = -35 + 44.2 x log (x) (Monterey Bay, California) (Zeiner and Wolf, 1993)
both: DW = 15.5 + 0.72 TL (Monterey Bay, California) (Zeiner, 1991)

240 cm TL (Miller and Lea, 1972)
 NG 18 to 23 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NG 138.8 (S.E. 7.7)
 167.8 (S.E. 13.7)
 151.0 (S.E. 7.6)
 0.43 (S.E. 0.05)
 0.37 (S.E. 0.05)
 0.38 (S.E. 0.04)
 13.3 (S.E. 2.8)
 15.0 (S.E. 3.1)
 15.0 (S.E. 2.2)
 NG NG NG Logistic vertebral centra: paraffin wax embedding, thin-sectioning
centrum edge analysis           
 NG
 central California
 Zeiner and Wolf, 1993
 NF
 NF oviparity
 females larger than males (Zeiner and Wolf, 1993)
 100 to 110 cm TL; 7 to 8 yrs. (Zeiner, 1991)
 >130 cm TL; 10 to 12 yrs. (Zeiner and Wolf, 1993)
 NF NF NF egg beds observed at 64 m depth off Tillamook Head, OR and between the Siulslaw and Siltcoos Rivers, OR (DeLacy and Chapman, 1935; Hitz, 1964) Ebert, 2003 (California)
 NF NF NF 1 to 5 per egg case, average 3.25 (Hitz, 1964)
2 to 7, 3 to 4 average per egg case (DeLacy and Chapman, 1935)                
1 to 8 per egg case (Ford, 1971)

 1:1 (Hitz, 1964)
 NF NF ca. 1 year (DeLacy and Chapman, 1935; Hitz, 1964)
in excess of 12 months (Ford, 1971)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans, small benthic teleosts (Ebert, 2003)

NF NF cephalopods (Octopus dofleini) and pinnipieds (Mirounga angustirostris) prey on egg cases (Anderson, 1996; Love, 1996) NF NF NF NF NF soft substrate (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 crustaceans, benthic teleosts, polychaetes, molluscs (Hart, 1973; Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF elasmobranchs (Notorynchus cepedianus) (Ebert, 1989)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Cestoda (2 families, 6 spp.), Copepoda (4 families, 8 spp.), Digenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Hirudinoidea (1 family, 2 spp.), Monogenea (3 families, 5 spp.), Protozoa (1 family, 1 sp.) (Fraser, 1919; Lloyd, 1938; Kabata, 1974; Love and Moser, 1983) NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rajidae
 Raja
 equatorialis
 Jordan and Bollman, 1890
NA
 equatorial ray
 Gulf of California and from Panama south (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NA to 100 m (Castro-Aguirre and Perez, 1996)
 NF NF 50 cm TL (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NG NF NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NA oviparity
 NF NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NA NA NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF benthic from coast to intermediate depths on continental shelf (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
coastal nearshore (Castro-Aguirre and Perez, 1996)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rajidae
 Raja
 inornata
 Jordan & Gilbert, 1881
 Raia inornata inermis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1881)
Raja jordani (Garman, 1885)
 California skate
 Straight of Juan de Fuca to Turtle Bay, Baja California, Mexico, also found in the Gulf of California (Miller and Lea, 1972; McEachran and Notobartolo di Sciara, 1995)

NA 18 to 671 m (Miller and Lea, 1972)
 NF NF 76 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NG 15 to 23 TL (Ebert, 2003)
 California
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparity
 NF 47 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 52 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF Ebert, 2003 (California)
 NF NF NF NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF soft bottoms (Ebert, 2003)
 polychaetes, crustaceans (shrimp) (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Cestoda (2 families, 6 spp.), Copepoda (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rajidae
 Raja
 rhina
 Jordan & Gilbert, 1880a
 NA
 longnose skate
 southeastern Bering Sea to Cedros Islands, Baja California, also Gulf of California (Mecklenburg et al., 2002)
 NA nearshore to 1000 m (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF 137 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NG 12 to 17 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 California
 96.7 (S.E. 10)
 106.9 (S.E. 13.1)
 104.7 (S.E. 9.1)
 0.25 (S.E. 0.10)
 0.16 (S.E. 0.05)
 0.17 (S.E. 0.05)
 0.73 (S.E. 1.1)
 -0.3 (S.E. 0.08)
 -0.16 (S.E. 0.62)
 NG NG NG von Bertalanffy growth function                                                       
 vertebral centra: thin sectioning
 NG comparison between readers
 central California
 Zeiner and Wolf, 1993
 12 to 13 yrs. (132 cm TL) (Zeiner and Wolf, 1993)
 NG oviparity
 NF 61.5 to 74 cm TL (10 to 11 yrs.) (Zeiner and Wolf, 1993)
 70 cm TL (10 to 12 yrs.) (Zeiner and Wolf, 1993)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF crustaceans (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF egg cases preyed upon by molluscs (Ebert, 2003)
 NF crustaceans (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF mud-cobble bottom near boulders, rock ledges, and other areas with vertical relief (Ebert, 2003)
 benthic crustaceans, teleosts (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF elasmobranchs, cetaceans (Physeter catodon) (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Cestoda (3 families, 7 spp.), Copepoda (2 families, 4 spp.), Digenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Monogenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Nematoda (1 family, 1 sp.), Myxosporea (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983; Arthur and Lom, 1985) NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rajidae
 Raja
 stellulata
 Jordan & Gilbert, 1880b
 Raja montereyensis (Gilbert, 1915)
 starry skate
rock skate (Starks, 1918)
prickly skate (Walford, 1935)
 Eureka, California to Coronado Bank, Baja California, Mexico (Miller and Lea, 1972; Ebert, 2003)
 NA 18 to 732 m (Miller and Lea, 1972)
 NF NF 76 cm TL (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NG 12 to 16 TL (Ebert, 2003)
 California
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparity
 NF 67 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 68 cm TL (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF benthic crustaceans (shrimps), cephalopods, teleosts [Hexagrammidae (Ophiodon elongatus), Scorpaenidae (Sebastes spp.)] (Ebert, 2003)    
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Monogenea (2 families, 2 spp.) (Love and Moser, 1983)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Rajidae
 Raja
 velezi
 Chirchirigno, 1973
 NA
 Velez ray
 Gulf of California to Peru (McEachran and Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995)
 NA 35 to 140 m (McEachran and Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995)
 NF NF 75.6 cm TL (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NG NF
 NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparity
 NG NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF benthic on the continental shelf (McEachran and Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995)
 crustaceans, polychaetes, teleosts (Chirchirigno, 1973)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Urolophidae
 Urobatis concentricus
 Osburn & Nichols, 1916
 NF
 bull's-eye stingray
reticulated round ray (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
spot-on-spot round ray (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 northern Baja California, Mexico to Nicaragua (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NA NF
 NF NF 47.5 cm TL (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
 NG
 NF
 NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF aplacental viviparity
 NF NF
 have fully developed ovaries by 32.5 to 40 cm (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b) NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
              California skate                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Urolophidae
 Urobatis halleri
 (Cooper, 1863)
 Urolophus nebulosus (Garman, 1885)
Urolophus umbrifer (Jordan and Starks, 1895)
 round stingray
little round stingray (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
Haller's round ray (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 Humboldt Bay, California to Panama Bay, Panama (Miller and Lea, 1972; McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NA surface to 91 m (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NF both: DW = 1.75*TL (Southern California) (Babel, 1967)
 males: 25 cm DW (Babel, 1967)
females: 31 cm DW (Babel, 1967)
 eastern Pacific
 6.3 to 8 cm DW, average 7.5 cm (Babel, 1967)
 southern California
 NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF aplacental viviparity
 immature males and females show cobblestone dentition pattern, mature males have central jaw dentition with a sharp connical cusp (Nordell, 1994)

14.6 cm DW (2.6 years) (Babel, 1967)

 14.5 cm DW (2.6 years) (Babel, 1967)
 NF NF NF Newport Dunes, southern California (Babel, 1967)
        
       
Babel, 1967 (Southern California)
 annual; 2 breeding cycles per year with a portion of the population being 6 months out of sync with the rest of the population and mating and giving birth in the winter (Babel, 1967) 1 to 8 (Babel, 1967)
 NF 1 to 6, average 2 to 3 (Ebert, 2003)
 1.6:1 (Babel, 1967)
 litter size increases in larger females; left uterus functional throughout life while right uterus comes into use in larger females (Babel, 1967) NF 3 months (Babel, 1967)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF   NF NF NF protected inlets and bays with soft substrate (Babel, 1967)
shallow waters less than 2 m (Ebert, 2003)
 polychaetes, crustaceans (Decapoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda), nemerteans (Babel, 1967)

burrow into substrate; utilize vision and olfaction in hunting (Babel, 1967)
use mouths and discs to dig large pits; feeding rate increases as waters warm in summer and fall, decreases as water temperatures cool (Ebert, 2003)		 feed continuously diurnally (Babel, 1967)
 NF soft substrate offshore, protected inlets and bays with soft substrate (Babel, 1967)       
shallow waters less than 2 m (Ebert, 2003)
 polychaetes, bivalves, crustaceans (Decapoda, Mysidae), sipunculids, Leptocardii (Babel, 1967; Valadez-Gonzalez et al., 2001) burrow into substrate; utilize vision and olfaction in hunting (Babel, 1967)
use mouthes and discs to dig large pits; feeding rate increases as waters warm in summer and fall, decreases as water temperatures cool (Ebert, 2003)		 feed continuously diurnally (Babel, 1967)
 NF soft bottoms of mud or sand, often with eelgrass, usually in less than 15 m; especially abundant in warm, shallow, coastal and bay waters (Babel, 1967) bivalves [Mytilidae (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus caiforniensis), Cardiidae (Laevicardium substriatum), Veneridae (Saxidomus nuttalli, Chione udatella), Tellinidae (Macoma sp., Macoma nasuta), Solecurtidae (Tagelus sp., Tagelus californiensis), Donacidae (Donax sp., Donax californicus), Solenidae (Solen sp., Solen rosaceus), Mactridae (Spisula sp., Mactra californica, Tresus nuttalii), Pholadidae (Barnea pacifica)], polychaetes [Nephtyidae (Nephtys spp.), Nereididae (Platynereis bicanaliculata), Glyceridae (Glycera americana), Goniadidae (Goniada sp., Goniada brunnea), Eunicidae, Onuphidae (Diopatra sp.), Lumbrineridae (Lumbrineris sp., L. erecta, L. minima), Oenonidae (Arabella sp.), Dorvilleidae (Dorvillea (Schistomeringos) articulata), Orbiniidae (Haploscoloplos elongata), Spionidae (Prionospio sp.), Chaetopteridae (Chaetopterus sp.), Cirratulidae (Tharyx parvus), Capitellidae (Mediomastus ambiseta), Maldanidae, Pectinariidae (Pectinaria sp., Pectinaria californiensis), Terebellidae (Pista alata), Sabellidae (Cione sp.)], nemerteans, nematodes, ophurioids [Ophiuridae (Ophioplocus esmarki)], Holothuroidea, Sipunculoidea, pycnogonids (Phoxichilidiidae), crustaceans [Calliopidae, Gammaridae (Elasmopus rapax), Isaeidae (Photis californica), Corophiidae (Corophium acherusicum), Ampithoidae (Ampithoe sp.), Idoteidae (Idotea resecata), Edotia sp., Edotia sublittoralis), Bodotriidae (Leptocuma sp.), Diastylidae (Diastylopsis tenuis), Mysidacea, Penaeidae (Penaeus sp., Penaeus californiensis), Hippolytidae (Hippolyte sp. Hippolyte californiensis, Spironotcaris sp., Spirontocaris palpator), Crangonidae (Crangon dentipes, Crangon californiensis), Alpheidae (Betaeus longidactylus), Callianassidae (Callianassa sp., Callianassa californiensis), Paguridae (Pagurus sp.), Hippidae (Emerita sp.,), Cancridae (Cancer sp., Cancer productus, Cancer antennarius)], teleosts [Gobiidae (Clevelandia ios), Embiotocidae) (Babel, 1967) burrow into substrate; utilize vision and olfaction in hunting (Babel, 1967)
use mouthes and discs to dig large pits; feeding rate increases as waters warm in summer and fall, decreases as water temperatures cool (Ebert, 2003)		 feed continuously diurnally (Babel, 1967)
 elasmobranchs (large sharks) (Ebert, 2003)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF small fish feed opportunistically in ray pits (Ebert, 2003)
 segregate by age and sex; females tend to live offshore in water deeper than 14 m, while adult males and juveniles occupy    shallower habitats (Babel, 1967)
males exhibit copulatory and non-copulatory biting behavior (Nordell, 1994)
 females move inshore to breed from June to September to pup; young remain inshore and as grow move out along open beaches while staying at depths of less than 2 fathoms; at 120 mm DW they gradually move into deeper water (Babel, 1967) exhibit seasonal movements; young are primarily resident while adults move seasonally with water temperature and feeding opportunities but still do not move great distances; move offshore and deeper in winter; adult females move inshore to mate and give birth during spring and summer; move north of Pt. Conception during periods of warm water such as during El Nino events (Babel, 1967) NF Cestoda (4 families, ~18 species), Copepoda (2 families, 3 sp.), Monogenea (1 family, 1 sp.), Protozoa (1 family, 1 sp.) (Love and Moser, 1983) NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii
 Rajiformes
 Urolophidae
 Urobatis
 maculatus
 Garman, 1913
 NF
 Cortez round stingray
spotted round sting ray (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
spotted round ray (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 Magdalena Bay, Baja California to Gulf of California (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NA NF
 NF NF 42 cm TL (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
 Santa Inez Bay, Mexico
 NF NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF aplacental viviparity
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF polychaetes [Eunicidae (Eunice sp.)], crustaceans (Amphipoda) (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Urolophidae Urotrygon aspidera (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882c)
 Urolophus aspidurus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882c)
Urotrygon aspidurus (Miyake and McEachran, 1986)
 roughtail round stingray
spinetail stingray (Bussing and Lopez, 1994)
spiny-tail round ray (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
Panamic stingray (Allen and Robertson, 1994)
 Mexico to Peru (Allen and Robertson, 1994)
 NA 5 to 20 m (Allen and Robertson, 1994)
 NF NF 42.1 cm TL; 23.3 cm DW (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995) NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF benthically on soft substrates in nearshore waters (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii
 Rajiformes
 Urolophidae
 Urotrygon
 chilensis
 (Günther, 1871)
 Urotrygon goodei (Jordan and Bollman, 1890)
 thorny round stingray
Chilean round ray (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 Gulf of California to Chile (Castro-Aguire, 1965; McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NA NF
 NF NF 41.9 cm TL (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NG NF NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF aplacental viviparity
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Cestoda (2 families, 7 spp.) (Berman and Brooks, 1994; Marques et al., 1997)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii Rajiformes Urolophidae Urotrygon munda Gill, 1863b
 Urotrygon mundus (Gill, 1863b)
 shortfin round stingray
Munda round ray (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 observed in Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama (Beebe and Tee Van, 1941b)
 NA NF NF NF 28.8 cm TL, 16 cm DW (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995) NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF benthically on soft substrates in nearshore waters (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995) NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii
 Rajiformes
 Urolophidae
 Urotrygon
 rogersi
 (Jordan and Starks, 1895)
 NF
 lined round stingray
Roger's round ray (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 southern Gulf of California to Gulf de Guayaquil (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NA NF
 NF NF 46.2 cm TL (McEachran and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1995)
 NG NF NF NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF aplacental viviparity
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii
 Rajiformes
 Dasyatidae
 Dasyatis
dipterura
 (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880e)
 Dasyatis dipterurus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880e)
Dasyatis brevis (Garman, 1880)
 diamond stingray
British Columbia, Canada to Chile, including the Galapagos Islands (Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Nishida and Nakaya, 1990)
 Hawaii (Nishida and Nakaya, 1990)

 shore to at least 28 m (Mathews and Druck, 1975; Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 NF NF 100 cm DW (McEachran and Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995)
 NG 17 to 19 cm DW (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
 NG NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF aplacental viviparity
 females larger than males (Mariano Melendez, 1997; W.D. Smith pers. comm.)
 45.5 cm DW (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
50 cm DW (Mathews and Druck, 1975)
 65.5 cm DW (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
NG
 45.5 cm DW (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
 65.5 cm DW (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
 NF NF          



      Mariano Melendez, 1997 (Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico)                             
 annual, 9.5 to 10 month diapause (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
 NF NF 2 to 4 (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
 1:1 (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
 no relationship (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
larger females produce larger (not more) offspring (W. Smith, pers. obs.)
 NF 2 to 2.5 months (Mariano Melendez, 1997)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF sandy areas, often around kelp beds or rocks; more numerous around kelp during winter than on flat bottomed sand (Feder et al., 1974) NF NG
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF possible sexual segregation (Mathews and Druck, 1975)
 NF range from shore to 6 m during summer (average 2.3 m), concentrated in 13 to 17.7 m averaging 15 m during late fall and winter (Feder et al., 1974)
seasonal shifts in abundance between Magdalena and Almejas Bays, Baja California Sur, Mexico; abundance higher in August (Mathews and Druck, 1975)
enter Estero de Punta Banda, Baja California, Mexico during April and leave by September (Beltran-Felix et al., 1986)
 NF Cestoda (1 family, 4 spp.) (Ghoshroy and Caira, 2001)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii
 Rajiformes
 Dasyatidae
 Dasyatis
longa
 (Garman, 1880)
 Dasyatis longus (Garman, 1880)
Trygon longa (Garman, 1880)
 longtail stingray
central western coast of Baja and Gulf of California, Mexico to Colombia and Galapagos Islands (Nishida and Nakaya, 1990; Villavicencio-Garyazar et al., 1994, Acero and Franke, 1995)

NA to at least 80 m (Acero and Franke, 1995)
 NF NF 120 cm DW (McEachran and Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995)
 NG ca. 40 cm DW (Villavicencio-Garyazar et al., 1994)
 Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico
NF NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF aplacental viviparity
 females larger than males (Acero and Franke, 1995)
 ca. 80 cm DW (Villavicencio et al., 1994)
 ca. 110 cm DW (Villavicencio et al., 1994)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NG NF NF 1 to 4 (Villavicencio-Garyazar et al., 1994)
 NG 1 (110 cm DW) (Villavicencio-Garyazar et al., 1994)
2 (131 to 134 cm DW) (Villavicencio-Garyazar et al., 1994)
3 to 4 (154 to 156 cm DW) (Villavicencio-Garyazar et al., 1994)
 NF 10 to 11 months (Villavicencio-Garyazar et al., 1994)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF crustaceans (Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941b)
 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Cestoda (1 family, 2 spp.) (Marques et al., 1997)
 NF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Squalimorphii
 Rajiformes
 Dasyatidae
 Dasyatis
violacea
 (Bonaparte, 1832)
 Dasyatis atratus (Ishiyama & Okada, 1955)
 pelagic stingray
southeast Alaska to equatorial Central America (Mecklenburg et al., 2002; Mollet, 2002)
 cosmopolitan in tropical and temperate seas ( Mollet, 2002)
 surface to 238 m (Eschmeyer et al., 1983)
 both: WT = 27 * DW3.01 (wild-caught specimens) (northeast Pacific) (Mollet et al., 2002)
both: WT = 48.4 * DW3.471 (captive specimens) (Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California) (Mollet et al., 2002)
 NF 80 cm DW (Bigelow and Schroeder, 1965)
96 cm DW (Mollet, 2002)
 western North Atlantic
captive; Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California
15 to 23.5 cm DW (Mollet et al., 2002)
 captive births at Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco, California
 74 (S.E. 2)
70
 116 (S.E. 5)
101
 NG
NG
 0.35 (S.E. 0.03)
0.58 (S.E. 0.04)
 0.20 (S.E. 0.02)
0.41 (S.E. 0.02)
 NG
NG
 17 (S.E. 1)
18 (S.E. 1)
 17 (S.E. 1)
18 (S.E. 1)
 NG
NG
 NG
NG		 NG
NG		 NG
NG		 von Bertalanffy growth function
Gompertz growth model
 captive growth
captive growth
 NG
NG
 NG
NG
 captive at Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California
captive at Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California
 Mollet et al., 2002
Mollet et al., 2002
 both: 10 yrs. (Mollet and Cailliet, 2002)
 7 ln/k
aplacental viviparity
 females larger than males (Wilson and Beckett, 1970; Mollet et al., 2002)
 35 to 40 cm DW (ca. 2 yrs.) (Mollet et al., 2002)
 40 to 50 cm DW (3 yrs.) (Mollet et al., 2002)
 NF NF NF equatorial waters off Central America (Mollet, 2002)
             Mollet, 2002 (easte